806 SIR WILLIAM TURNER, THE CRANIOLOGY OF THE NATIVES OF BORNEO, 



was short absolutely and relatively to the interzygomatic breadth, and the complete facial 

 index was chamseprosopic. The disproportion between the interzygomatic breadth and the 

 nasio-alveolar length was, however, not so great, and the maxillo-facial index was in 

 No. 1 leptoprosopic and in Nos. 2 and 3 mesoprosopic. The canine and incisive fossse 

 were moderate in depth. The interorbital breadth ranged from 19 to 24 mm. The 

 relation of the bi-malar to the nasio-malar diameter gave a nasio-malar index 1 08*3, so 

 that the nasal profile was mesopic, i.e. between a platyopic and pro-opic face. The 

 orbital apertures were rounded and the mean orbital index was megaseme, 91*3. The 

 palatal arch was shallow in one specimen, and wide in all in relation to the length ; 

 the palato-m axillary index was brachyuranic, and in two even hyperbrachyuranic. Tim 

 upper jaw was orthognathous and the mean gnathic index was 93 '3. 



The cranial sutures were distinct in Nos. 1, 2 and 4, but in No. 3 they were almost 

 obliterated. No. 1 had a small Wormian bone in the occipito-mastoid suture. The ali- 

 sphenoid articulated with the parietal, but in No. 3 the junction was reduced to a 

 pointed bar of bone. Infraorbital sutures were present in Nos. 1 and 2. The jugal 

 processes were somewhat tuberculated, but no skull had a 3rd condyl. The inion, 

 occipital curved lines and mastoids had male characters. The lower jaw was more 

 massive in No. 1 than in No. 2 ; its vertical diameters were longer and the chin was 

 thicker and more projecting, but in both the angle was almost rectangular and the 

 ascending ramus was broad. The teeth were stained with betel, and the molars were 

 flattened through use on the grinding surface of the crown. 



The Botan crania in their proportions were associated with the dolichocephalic type of 

 skull, for whilst two had the cephalic index below 75, the other two were in the lower 

 term of the mesaticephalic group. The mean cephalic index was 75 "9, the mean 

 vertical index, 75 7, was hypsicephalic. In the mesaticephalic crania the vertical index 

 was less than the cephalic, but in the dolichocephalic the vertical index was greater 

 than the cephalic, in accordance with the rule that in the dolichocephali the height is 

 more than the breadth. The cranio-facial index ranged from 73 to 78 "4, and the mean 

 was 74*9, a figure which associated these relations to the dolichocephalic type in Borneo. 



The northern end of Formosa and the fertile plain along the western half of the 

 island have long been frequented for purposes of trade, and they have been occupied 

 successively by the Dutch, Chinese and Japanese, but the mountainous districts in the 

 interior, the south end and the east coast have been little visited, for they have been 

 almost inaccessible through their mountainous configuration and the savage character of 

 the people. Since Formosa was ceded by the Chinese to Japan in 1895, attempts have 

 been made by the Japanese administrators to open up the country, to determine the 

 names of the aboriginal tribes and to locate their position. Much useful information 

 has been collected and embodied by Consul J. N. Davidson in an important volume, well 

 illustrated and provided with a map, compiled from the latest Japanese Government 

 surveys.* He arranges the aborigines in eight groups, and the hilly plains of the south 



* The Island of Formosa Past and Present, London and New York, 1903. 



