THE MALAYS, THE NATIVES OF FORMOSA, AND THE TIBETANS. 809 



tribes have been studied whose heads are either dolichocephalic or approximating thereto. 

 Professor Cleland found # the proportion of the length to the breadth of the cranium 

 in a Sulu Islander to be 75. 



In a recent important treatise on the people of the Philippine Islands, based on the 

 study of 270 skulls in the Museum at Leiden, G. A. Koeze has figured and described 

 the cranial characters of various tribes in these islands. + He recognises Negritos, 

 whom he regards as the original inhabitants, Malays from two successive invasions 

 separated by an interval of many years, Chinese, Japanese, and to a lesser extent 

 Europeans. Moreover, he thinks that the dolichocephalic Tagbanua tribe is the remains 

 of a Melanesian stock which had formerly lived in the Philippines. Cross-breeding 

 between these races had taken place, varying in its proportion in the different tribes. 

 He regards the Ilocanos as having the purest Malay blood ; the Visayans and Tagals 

 possess a large proportion, but also have Indonesian characters. The Igorrots, he states, 

 are especially Indonesian ; he concludes, however, that they are a cross between the 

 Negritos and the Malays of the first invasion, though those who live in the north 

 of Lucon show traces of Mongolian intermixture. The Igorrots in the cranial length 

 and breadth are, from Virchow's observations, mesocephalic with a great tendency 

 to be dolichocephalic. Koeze, again, of twelve crania found seven mesocephalic and 

 five definitely brachycephalic, with a mean index 80 '5 ; he sums up, therefore, that the 

 type is mesocephalic with a great tendency to be brachycephalic. He looks upon the 

 Igorrots as corresponding with the " Dyaks," and they are also head hunters. If the 

 Igorrots are to be regarded as a cross between the Negrito and Malay, and at the same 

 time Indonesians, and if a similar origin is to be associated with the Indonesian tribes of 

 Borneo, it is difficult to comprehend how a cross between two brachycephalic races like 

 the Negrito and Malay could produce dolichocephalic tribes such as the Kalamantan 

 Muruts, and Dusuns. It seems, therefore, that the dolichocephalic Indonesians in their 

 origin and descent should not be regarded as the product of cross-breeding, but that 

 they rather are a race independent and definite in their characters. When the cephalic 

 index is brachycephalic or approximates thereto in a so-called Indonesian tribe a cross- 

 breeding with Malay, Negrito or Mongol may be inferred. 



We may now pass, by w T ay of the Philippine Islands, northward to the Island of 

 Formosa. Here, as has already been stated, we find, amongst the mountains, tribes 

 with skulls either dolichocephalic or closely approximating thereto, with brown skins, 

 straight black hair, and from their practice of head hunting and other customs 

 resembling the hill tribes of Borneo. It seems appropriate to associate them with the 

 Indonesian race, which constitutes therefore a distinct factor in the population of the 



is given of the external physical characters and of the measurements of the head and body of living natives. Owing to 

 the almost impossibility of obtaining human skulls and skeletons in the course of their travels in Celebes, the authors 

 were not able to give an account of the osteology of the people on lines similar to those pursued in their great work 

 on the Weddas and other people in Ceylon. 



* Journal of Anat. and Phys., vol. xi. p. 663, 1877. 



t Crania Ethnica Philippinica, Haarlem, 1901-1904. 



