THE MALAYS, THE NATIVES OF FORMOSA, AND THE TIBETANS. 813 



Norma facialis. — The floor of the nose was smoothed down into the incisive region ; 

 the maxillo-nasal spine was low, the incisive and canine fossae were deep. The anterior 

 nares were wide, but, owing to the nasal height, the nasal index was not platyrhine but 

 mesorhine, 51 '8. The nasio-malar index was 1077 and the facial profile was mesopic. 

 The face was wide, 136 mm., but, as the superior maxillae were relatively long, 74 mm., 

 the maxillo-facial index, 54"3, was leptoprosopic. The upper jaw was mesognathic with 

 an index 101. The interorbital width was 26 mm. The orbital aperture was rounded 

 and the index, 90, was megaseme. The palate was deeply arched, being 17 mm. in 

 depth opposite the 2nd molar; the palato-maxillary index, 111, was mesuranic. The 

 teeth were much worn, but were not stained. The cranio-facial index, 73 '1, was low, 

 in harmony with the dolichocephalic type. 



The sutures of the cranial vault, the squamous excepted, were almost obliterated ; 

 a small epipteric was in the right pterion. The temporal curved lines were well marked, 

 but the occipital curved lines, inion and mastoids were moderate. The jugal processes 

 were tuberculated. The cephalic index, 72'6, was dolichocephalic, the vertical index, 

 75 "3, was hypsicephalic, and the basi-bregmatic height exceeded the greatest breadth. 



Skull D. — This skull showed structural peculiarities which had accentuated individual 

 characters and had doubtless modified the racial features. Most remarkable was the 

 great development of Wormian bones in the lambdoid and squamous sutures. In the 

 lambdoid these bones were usually four-sided and the transverse diameter was the 

 shorter ; they had long denticulations intercalated between corresponding processes of 

 the parietal and occipital bones, and as the ossicles were directed obliquely they caused 

 the occipital squama to project backwards behind the parietal, so as to form a shelf-like 

 projection at the back of the skull and to modify the length of the cranium.* The 

 sutural bones in the squamous regions were much smaller, and were arranged so as to 

 push the squamous temporals laterally, beyond the plane of the parietals, and to add 

 to the breadth of the cranium in these regions. The alisphenoid had a narrow 

 articulation with the parietal. A small Wormian was in the anterior sagittal suture 

 and the frontal was metopic. Another character was a fissure which cut across the 

 basis-cranii, 7 mm. in front of the foramen magnum, and was continued laterally into 

 the jugular foramina. The basion sloped upwards so as to affect the measurements made 

 from it, the plane of the foramen magnum was directed upwards and forwards, and the 

 occipital condyls were flattened, but there was no 3rd condyl. It was difficult to say 

 definitely if the basi-cranial fissure was a congenital defect in ossification, or was due to 

 fracture produced during life, though the former is probably the correct explanation. 



Norma verticalis. — The cranial outline was broadly ovoid and not quite symmetri- 

 cal, owing to the arrangement of the Wormian bones. The vault was not ridged and 

 the parietal eminences were feeble. The cranium was cryptozygous. 



* This peculiar feature has been from time to time noticed by previous writers. Luc^E has figured two specimens 

 in Zur Architectur des Menschenschddels, plates ii., xii., Frankfurt, 1857. In the Edinburgh University Museum are 

 two skulls dating from the time of the Monroes, one of which I have figured in fig. 26. They show the character 

 in an extreme form, and several added by myself exhibit it in a minor degree. 



TRANS. ROY. SOC. EDIN., VOL. XLV. PART III. (NO. 28). 116 



