CRANIOLOGY OF PEOPLE OF INDIA. 709 



No. 11. Nos. 8 and 9 had each a left epipteric, in No. 12 the parieto-ali-sphenoid suture 

 was very broad. No skull had a third condyl nor complete pterygo-spinous plate, though 

 in No. 1 1 the right external pterygoid was broader than usual. The mastoids, inion, 

 and curved lines were feeble. No. 1 2 had a stunted paracondyloid process, and in it 

 a rudimentary proatlas subjacent to the occipital bone was represented by an imperfect 

 neural arch ossified to the right half of the foramen magnum. The occipital condyls 

 were flattened, and each was partially crossed by a -groove on the surface. The linea 

 superior {torus occipitalis transversus) in the male skulls was differentiated from the 

 inion and the superior curved line, but in the female the separation was indistinct. 

 The occipital crest and inferior curved line were well marked in both sexes, and the 

 processus retromastoideus * was distinct. In three skulls the tuherculum supra- 

 mastoideum anterius was a definite elevation. 



The glabello-occipital diameter ranged from 166 to 175 mm., and the mean was 

 173 mm. ; the greatest breadth ranged from 120 to 131 mm., the mean being 126*1 mm.; 

 the cephalic index ranged from 71 '1 to 74'9, and the mean was 72*9, dolichocephalic. 

 The basi-bregmatic height ranged from 117 to 130 mm., with the mean 124 "8 mm. ; in 

 three skulls the height was less than the breadth, in two greater, in one they were 

 equal; in the series the mean breadth, 126'1, was a little more than the mean height, 

 124"8 mm. ; the vertical index ranged from 66*9 to 74"7, the mean was 72*1, metrio- 

 cephalic.t The breadth-height index | ranged from 92'8 to 1007, and the mean was 

 98. The cranio-facial index § gave the relation of the length of the cranium to the 

 interzygomatic breadth of the face. In three skulls it ranged from 64-3 to 70 "8, with a 

 mean 67 "3 ; in each this index was distinctly less than the cephalic index, and the face 

 was narrower in relation to the length of the cranium than was the breadth to the 

 length of the cranium. 



o 



Comparison with Skulls of other Dravidian Tribes. 



(Figures, pages 716, 717.) 



In previous craniological memoirs I have estimated the proportion which the hase- 

 line of the skull, defined by Professor Cleland as the basi-nasal diameter conjoined with 

 the antero-posterior diameter of the foramen magnum, bears to the total longitudinal 

 circumference of the skull, as well as to the total longitudinal arc. || I have computed 

 these proportions in the Bhil skulls, and in such typical dolichocephalic Dravidians as 

 the Gonds, Kols, Mi'mdas, Bhuiya, Oraons, and Tamil Sudras — tribes in which I was 



* See Professor Waldeyer's memoir, Der processus retromastoideus, etc., Berlin, 1909, and my memoir oii the 

 Skeleton of the Aborigines of Tasmania, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlvii. p. 413, pi. i. fig. 4, 1910. 



t See my memoir, " Craniology of People of Scotland," Trans. Boy. Soc. Edin., vol. xl., part iii., 1903. 



i Basi-bregmatic height X 100 , i,i , • , , • , 



I ^n — ^-r-^ T jTT = breadth-height index. 



Parieto-sqiiamous breadth ° 



a Interzygomatic breadth x 100 . . . ■■ . , 



S 4^ — : ^ -^ = cranio-iacial mde s. 



Jviaximiim length 



II Partially in Challenger Report, Zoology, part xxix., 1884. More fully in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlv., p. 304, 

 1906, and p. 817, 1907 ; vol. xlvi. p. 399, 1908 ; vol. xlvii. p. 419, 1910. In the memoir on the natives of Madras, 

 1906, 1 compared these measurements and proportions with those obtained from the crania of several other races. 



