DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 233 
recumbent position or whether he is awake and sitting, or even standing and walking, 
is a problem that calls for extended research.” 
Instead of altering the daily routine artificially in a fixed locality, the same result 
may be effected in a natural way by changing the locality, for an individual who 
travels round the world in these days of rapid transit from West to Kast, or vice versa, 
especially in high latitudes, quickly changes his daily routine. The happy idea of 
applying this method to the study of the question under discussion seems first to have 
occurred to Grgson.* ‘The opportunity presented itself when he had occasion to make 
a voyage from New Haven, Connecticut, across the American continent and Pacific 
Ocean to Manila in the Philippines. As a difference of eleven hours exists between the 
local times of these two stations, the journey involved the shifting of the daily routine, 
so that day and night were practically reversed. 
Grpson’s observations were made on himself and a second subject at different 
stages of the voyage, and on individuals in Manila who came originally from the 
United States and who had resided in Manila for varying periods of time. He made 
control experiments on his own body temperature for two days before leaving New 
Haven, taking readings every two hours, and so obtained the diurnal temperature 
curve, which proved to be of the ordinary type commonly described as normal. The 
Same process was repeated several times during the voyage and again at Manila. 
He found that the “transposition of the daily routine through a period of nearly 
half a day, experienced as the result of the time changes during the trip from New 
Haven to Manila, was accompanied by an immediate adjustment of the rhythmic 
temperature variation to the new régime in the case of the writer and of a second 
subject, so that on arrival in the islands the curves obtained were still normal in 
character. Subsequent residence in the Philippines for a period of about six weeks 
induced no alterations of any significance. Observations made during the return trip 
showed an apparent adjustment of the temperature rhythm day by day coincident with 
the shifting of the routine. After returning to New Haven the record continued to be 
normal, and closely resembled the earlier controls. . . . Additional observations on 
individuals who came originally from the United States and who have resided in Manila 
for varying periods of time, corroborate in part the results on the writer, in so far as 
the temperature rhythm was found to be of the ordinary type.” 
A similar experiment was made by Oszornet three years later, apparently without 
any knowledge of the previous work of GIBson. Having first noted that his own daily 
maximum temperature in Melbourne occurred about 6 p.m., while on a voyage from 
that city to London he made some observations on his own rectal temperature with the 
object of seeing whether this maximum remained throughout the voyage at 6 p.m. 
according to Melbourne time or took place at a certain hour relative to local or ship’s 
time. The difference in longitude between the two places is equivalent to about ten 
* R. B. Gizson, Amer. Jour. of the Med. Sciences, June 1905, p. 1048. 
+ OsBornE, Journal of Physiology, Proceedings, Jan. 25, 1908. 
