DAILY ROUTINE AND BODY TEMPERATURE. 237 
For the mouth and axilla sensitive and accurate clinical thermometers were used 
(Fahrenheit scale), graduated in fifths and capable of being read to tenths of a degree. 
For the rectum a special thermometer was constructed, also of the clinical type, but 
the bulb and about 1 cm. of the stem was encased in silver as a- safeguard against 
accidental breakage while in use on shipboard. In this the centigrade scale was 
adopted; each degree was subdivided into tenths, but with a lens readings to the 
second decimal place could be made with approximate correctness. 
The records were taken simultaneously from the left alveolo-lingual sulcus, the 
left axilla, and the rectum, where the thermometer was always inserted to the same 
depth—8 cm.,—as indicated by a fine wire fixed around the stem at this point. 
The thermometers, before being used, were warmed in the hand, and they were 
held in position for five minutes, although it is probable that a shorter time would 
have been sufficient for the mercury to adjust itself to the temperature of the 
surrounding walls. 
For comparative results of this kind it is essential that the daily habits of the 
subject should be, as far as possible, the same throughout the whole experiment, and 
this was kept in mind. Three meals a day were taken at the same hours—breakfast 
between 8 and 9 a.m., lunch from 1 to 2 p.m., and dinner between 6 and 7 p.m. No 
food was taken from 7 p.m. till 8 a.m. except very occasionally, when a glass of 
buttermilk with a slice of bread was served for supper about 9 o'clock. 
During the control period in Ithaca the days and evenings were spent, for the most 
part, in the laboratory,—sometimes seated at a table writing or reading, sometimes 
walking or standing about in the rooms doing light work. The subject got out of bed 
_ about 7 a.m., dressed, and walked about three hundred yards to breakfast, and then up 
a hill, which was fairly steep, about half a mile to the laboratory. The temperature 
was taken at 6 a.m., frequently again before arising about 7, after dressing about 8, and 
always at 9 a.m. in the laboratory. On warm days, instead of walking, the street car 
was used. Lunch was taken in the laboratory and dinner at the same dining-rooms as 
breakfast, after which the street car was made use of again in returning to the laboratory. 
Some time between 10 and 11 p.m. a walk of ten minutes down the hill brought the 
subject to his living-rooms, and he retired about 12, after the last set of observations 
for the day had been recorded. ‘The daily bath was taken at night instead of in the 
morning during this period. Occasionally both in the control and other periods, when 
the subject chanced to wake up in the early morning, a set of readings was taken, but 
_ this practice, of course, could not be carried out regularly. 
The daily routine above described is not very different from what can be followed 
on board ship, and as far as possible both there and in Scotland Ithacan habits were 
kept up. For example, before breakfast (the meals were served at the same hours as 
in Ithaca) a short walk was taken around the deck in imitation of the walk to the 
dining-rooms in Ithaca, and again after breakfast. The day was spent for the most 
part in reading novels in the saloon or on deck, promenading, and playing deck billiards 
