886 The American Naturalist. [October, 
et Hydrol., 1894). Dr. Hollick, however, shows that the bodies thus 
deseribed are the casts of the spiral intestine of Cladodont sharks. 
(New York Acad. Sciences.) 
Mrsozorc.—Aceording to M. Lechien, the invertebrate fossils 
found in the bed from which the famous Iehthyosaur of Arlon was 
taken, indicate a'formation belonging to the middle Lias instead of 
lower, as was at first supposed. (Bull. Soc. Geol. Bruxelles, 1894). 
CENozorc.— The old theory first advanced by Shaler in 1870, of 
the origin of drumlins by a destructive process, that is, a working 
over of morainic or other drift deposits, have been revived by Prof. R. 
S. Tarr. He brings forward facts to support it, and discusses three ob- 
jections to it, but concludes on the whole that this theory forms a good 
working hypothesis, even if it is not accepted as the most probable 
theory. (Am. Geol., June, 1894). 
Mr. Warren Upham offers, as an explanation of the Plistocene 
climatic changes, the epeirogenic theory of the Ice age thought out 
and formulated by Dana, Le Conte, Wright, Upham and Jamieson. 
He conceives the Ice age to have been essentially one and continuous, 
with important fluctuations. Soundings off the West African Coast 
record a submerged channel of the Congo extending eighty miles into 
the ocean to a depth of more than 6,000 feet. Another deep sub- 
marine valley having soundings of 2,700 feet is known on the African 
Coast 350 miles north of the equator, and there is a similar valley in 
the southern part of the Bay of Biscay. These remarkable valleys 
beneath the sea level indicate that probably the entire Atlantic side of 
the Eastern Continent has been greatly uplifted within late geologic 
time. (Geol. Mag., Aug., 1894). 
In regard to the “ Black Earth” of Russia, Dr. W. F. Hume sug- 
gests (1) the position of Loess has been determined by the manner and 
conditions of its origin, and (2) Black Earth is merely a special clos- 
ing feature in the sequence of a long history of Loess, and it is merely 
that deposit rich in humus resulting from the decomposition through 
long ages, of generations of grasses and steppe plants. (Geol. Mag., 
Aug., 1894). 
The Yellow Gravel of New Jersey is made the subject of special 
discussion in the report of Prof. Salisbury upon the surface geology of 
that State. After giving its distribution and its history as inferred 
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