1026 The American Naturalist. [December, 
high made by englacial streams are sometimes revealed. The rapid 
melting of the surface ice produces curious phenomena. Where the 
ice is protected by belts of stone and dirt from the action of sun and 
air, the adjacent surface wasting away leaves ridges, while large isola- 
ted stones give rise to pinnacles and tables, but smaller ones, especially 
those of dark color, cause depressions. 
The great central area of the glacier is composed of clear white ice 
which is bordered on the north by a broad, dark band of boulders and 
stones. Outside of this, forming a belt, concentric with it, is a forest 
covered area, in many places four or five miles wide. The forest grows 
on the moraine which rests upon the ice of the glacier. 
The Malaspina glacier, in retreating, has left irregular hillocks of 
coarse débris which are now densely forest-covered. These deposits do 
not form a terminal moraine, but a series of irregular ridges and hills 
with a somewhat common trend. They indicate a slow general retreat 
without prolonged halts. 
The outer portion of the barren moraine and the forest covered 
area characterized by innumerable lakelets from 100 feet to 200 yards 
across. They are generally circular and have steep walls of dirty ice 
which slope toward the water at high angles. ‘Their presence in large 
numbers indicate that the ice must be nearly or quite stationary, 
otherwise the basins could not exist for a series of years. 
On the west and north sides of the Chaix hills several typical * mar- 
ginal lakes " oceur similar to the well known Merjelen See of Switzer- 
land. 
'Ihe drainage of the Malaspina glacier is englacial or subglacial. 
Along the southern margin hundreds of streams pour out of the es- 
 earpment formed by the border of the glacier, or rise like fountains 
from the gravel accumulated atits base. All are brown and heavy 
with sediment. The most remarkable of these springs is Fountain 
Stream. ‘It comes to the surface through a rudely circular opening, 
nearly 100 feet in diameter, surrounded in part by ice. Owing to the 
pressure to which the waters are subjected they boil up violently, and 
are thrown into the air to the height of 12 or 15 feet and sends jets of 
spray several feet higher. The waters rush seaward in a roaring stream 
200 feet broad which soon divides into many branches, spreading a 
sheet of gravel and sand right and left into the adjacent forest. 
About the southern and eastern borders of the glacier osars and 
alluvial cones abound. It is in this region that the ideal conditions 
for these formations exist. Here the ice sheet is stagnant on its bor- 
der, and is retreating; it rests on a gently inclined surface, higher on — — : 
