1884. | Mineralogy. 63 
of Agassiz, as far as they can be detected by his MS, labels, fifty- 
nine genera and 163 species are recorded, of which 117 have been 
obtained at Armagh, Ireland. Fourteen of the genera are founded 
on the spines of Hybodonts, four generic names denote various 
peculiar cranial bones and dermal plates, the true anatomical rela- 
tions of which are as yet unknown, and forty-one are founded on 
the various forms of teeth of the types Orodus, Petalodus, Coch- 
liodus, Psammodus and Copodus. Mr. Davis states that, judging 
from analogy, the teeth of Cladodus may have been associated 
with the spines of Ctenacanthus. The spines of Oracanthus are 
Stated to have probably occupied a lateral position on the head 
of these elasmobranchs.. The worn condition of their apices 
proves that they were not dorsal, while their solid points, deco- 
rated on both sides, show that they were not true dermal 
plates. 
Tertiary —Mr. Newton (Geol. Mag., October) records the oc- 
currence of the cave hyena, which, with Professor Boyd Daw- 
kins, he regards as a large variety of H. crocuta, in the “ Forest 
Bed ” strata of Suffolk, England. 
Quaternary —The alluvial deposits of the Kashmir district are 
stated by Mr. R. Lydekker to be of vast and varied extent and 
composition. The town of Kishtwar, in the Chinab valley, is 
built on one of these deposits, at a level of several hundred feet 
above the river. The presence of fine clayey and sandy horizon- 
tal layers in the valleys, at considerable elevations above the bot- 
tom of the valley, prove that a dam once existed lower down the 
valley, and Mr. Drew has estimated that the great lake of Kash- 
ne must once have stood 2000 feet above the present level of the 
Va ey. 
MINERALOGY". 
AMERICAN Gems AND Precious StonEs.— Mr. Geo. F. Kunz has 
contributed to “ The Mineral Resources of the United States,” 
published by the Government, an article on American gems an 
Precious stones, of which separate copies have been printed. Mr. 
unz has for some years been connected with Messrs. Tiffany and 
Co., the well known jewelers of New York city, and has had an 
excellent opportunity for collecting facts concerning American 
gems. 
_. He states that systematic mining for gems and precious stones 
is being carried on at only two places in the United States, viz., 
Paris, Maine, and Stony Point, North Carolina. In other cases 
where gems are found they are either met with accidentally, or 
Occur in connection with other materials that are being mined, or 
in small veins which are only occasionally met with. They are 
often gathered with little system on the surface, as is the case with 
' Edited by Professor H., CARVILL Lewis, Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila- 
ions, papers for r 
delphia, to whom communications eview. etc.. should be sent. 
