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1884.] Geography and Travels. 407 
For awhile the Gulf of Triton is formed as described by Hero- 
dotus. At the mouth of the gulf is the Island of Phla, equiva- 
lent to the temporary Island of Djémiah, between the branches 
of the Oued Menfes, and further inland the waters of the lake 
bathe the shores which, before the narrow sand bar was thrown 
up, were permanently washed by the sea. The Little Syrtes of 
Scylax is thus identified with the Gulf of Hammamet, Hadrum- 
etum with Sousa, Leptis Parva with Lemta, and Neapolis with 
Nabel-Kedimi. Communication between the Sahel and the in- 
terior of Tunis is even now difficult and dangerous during much 
of the year, for, except to the south, towards Sfax and Gabes, the 
bed of the ancient sea, still marshy and apt to be flooded, must 
becrossed. These identifications necessitate a new interpretation 
of many historical passages referring to the history of Carthage. 
The Wolofs and the Kingdom of Cayor—The Wolofs were for- 
merly united into one kingdom, but now form three. Of these 
Cayor extends southward from St. Louis to a little beyond Cape 
Verd. It has no river, but a chain of fresh-water lakes or 
marshes a few kilometers from the ocean gives rise to a luxuriant 
vegetation ; and the rest of the country, watered by abundant rains 
from July to October, yields an abundance of fruit and vegetables, 
though water can only be obtained from wells. Contact with the 
French and the Moors has made Christians of some Wolofs and 
Islamites of others, but Gen. Faidherbe (Bull. de la Soc. de Geog., 
1833) confesses that the former are more drunken, and the latter 
more false, than their heathen brethren. 
Asia.—Kafiristan.—Mr. McNair, who penetrated Kafiristan in 
disguise, to escape the opposition of the surrounding Mohamme- 
dans recently given to the Royal Geographical Society an ac- 
Count of his visit. | 
ristan contains 5000 square miles, is bounded on the north 
by the Hindu Kush, on the south by the Kunar, and on the west 
by the Alishang and its tributary, the Alingar. On the east its 
Pecgentd is not clearly defined, but may be roughly said to run 
rom the Dara pass to the source of the Kalashgum, down that 
ioe to its junction with the Kunar, and down the latter to its 
of = the Kabul. There is also an isolated tract north-west 
á Dara pass. The three main tribes are the Ramgals, Vai- 
pA and Bashgals, each occupying one of the large valleys. 
with tribe has a district of its own, and, as a rule, has little to do 
tiesia other valleys. The Vaigals are reckoned to be most 
- tribute l. Three of the five tribes of the Bashgal pay a nominal 
to the Mohammedan rùler of Chitral, but the other two are 
soul pendent. The entire population is estimated at 200,000 
men have sharp Aryan features and keen, penetrating 
j ; aap re 'y brown, but occasionally blue. Brown eyes and light, 
den hair often occur in combination. The complexion 
