1884] Psychology. 439 
that the conditions of the lives of these animals have made a want 
of self-reliance a necessity to them, and that by the law of natural 
ion the gregarious instincts and their accompanying slavish 
aptitudes have gradually become evolved. He then argues that 
our remote ancestors lived under parallel conditions, and that we 
have inherited the gregarious instincts and slavish aptitudes which 
have been needed under past circumstances, but which in our 
present advancing civilization are becoming of more harm than 
good to our race. 
Reference is then made to the camel, whose urgent need “ for 
the close companionship of his fellows was a never-exhausted 
topic of curious admiration to me during tedious days of travel 
across many North African deserts. I also happened to hear and 
read a great deal about the still more marked gregarious instincts 
of the llama, but the social animal into whose psychology I am 
the who 
If he is separated from it by stratagem or 
force, he exhibits every sign of mental agony; he strives with all 
Oe nail gain, and when he succeeds he plunges 
into its middle to bathe his whole body with the comfort of closest 
companionship.” 
tt Was found very difficult to procure animals capable of act- 
a le part of fore-oxen to the team, “ The ordinary members of 
ine vps herd being wholly unfitted by nature to move in so prom- 
nent and isolated a position, even though, as is the custom, a 
ale in front to persuade or pull them onwards. There- 
a fore-ox is an animal of an exceptionally independent 
fy tion. Men who break in wild cattle for harness watch 
shown wey for those who show a self-reliant nature, which is 
break į y their grazing apart or ahead of the rest, and these they 
« ax in for fore-oxen.” These wild oxen, Galton concludes, are 
: . ‘one of oy slavish, and seek no better lot than to be led by any 
their number who has enough self-reliance to accept that 
: herd, b No ox ever dares to act contrary to the rest of the 
~~; Dut he accepts thei 
r common determination as an authority 
