1884.| Psychology. 441 
otherwise natural standard by the influence of wild beasts, is 
shown by the greater display of self-reliance among cattle whose 
ancestry for some generations have not been exposed to such 
dan ” 
What is said of cattle applies also to savages and barbarians. 
The inhabitants of the same country as the oxen described, are 
congregated into multitudes of tribes, all more or less at war with 
one another. “We shall find that few of these tribes are very 
small, and few very large, and that it is precisely those that are 
exceptionally large or small whose condition is the least stable. 
A very small tribe is seen to be overthrown, slaughtered, or driven 
into slavery by its more powerful neighbor. A very large tribe 
fills to pieces through its own unwieldiness, because, by the 
nature of things, it must be either deficient in centralization or 
Straitened in force, or both.” Reference is also made to the ex- 
traordinary power of tyranny invested in the chiefs of tribes and 
nations of men, which leads to slavishness on the part of the sub- 
jects. “The tyrannies under which men have lived, whether 
under rude, barbarian chiefs, under the great despotisms of half- 
civilized Oriental countries, or under some of the more polished 
but little less severe governments of modern days, must have had 
a frightful influence in eliminating independence of character from 
s uman race.” 
Our present natural disposition make it impossible for us to 
sa the ideal standard of a nation of men, all judging soberly 
st emselves, and, therefore, the slavishness of the mass of our 
all dea in morals and intellect, must be an admitted fact in 
‘chemes of regenerative policy. The hereditary taint due to 
Primeval barbarism of our race, and maintained by later in- 
“aces, will have to be bred out of it before our descendants 
and ag the position of free members of an intelligent society ; 
me aw add that the most likely nest at the present time for 
wate natures will be found in States founded and maintained 
q 
y 
ý 
igrants. 
aan ANIMALS To ConversE.—Commenting in Nature on 
lived artineau’s remark, that considering how long we have 
‘them, Moa than to learn from them, to convey our ideas to 
means of ve to devise any language, or code of signals, by 
the former ich they might communicate theirs to tis. No doubt 
i eT 
if adapted to the case of dogs. 
