1884.] Pitch-pipes and Flageolets. 503 
ited the coast of California, may be taken as examples of pro- 
gression and improvement upon the simple tube and whistle of 
bone or cane, from the fact that they possess sound-holes, Fig. 
6, H, 7, H (Plate xvr) cut for labial manipulation. The clay reed 
or neck-piece, Figs. 4, R, 11, C (Plate xvi), which resembles the 
neck-piece of our modern fife, Fig. 9, W (Plate xvi), was probably 
thus invented, and when attached to the primitive whistles (like 
those, for instance, found in the graves of the California coast), 
increased the volume and regularity of sound, forming the simple 
mouth-piece whistle without a stop-hole. This afterwards became 
the right-angled Aztec pipe, shown in Fig. 1 (Plate xvi), an end 
of which was left unclosed (see profile view of pitch-pipe, Fig. 
2, J (Plate xvi), a strong proof that its inventor sought diversity 
of sound. The artisan who designed these ancient Mexican in- 
struments evidently sought to improve their qualities of sound, 
which at first were shrill and cacophonous. To overcome this 
defect, the body of the right-angled pipe, Fig. 1 (Plate xvi), was 
expanded into a globular shape, placed parallel to and in front of 
the clay reed, and then pierced by a stop-hole, thus producing 
the pipe, Fig. 3, A (Plate xvir). This stop-hole, which first ap- 
Pearsin the right-angled pipe, Fig. 2, J (Plate xv1) as before shown, 
$a Most important step in the development of musical sounds 
mong the Nahuatalacs, as it can be manipulated by closing and 
opening the same, thus depressing or raising the pitch of the in- 
strument. These stop-holes, doubtless, suggested to the terra 
cotta instrument-makers of later date their gradual adoption as 
finger-holes. It is interesting here to remark the increase in vol- 
e and sweetness of sound that had been obtained by the inge- 
mous Nahuatalac clay-worker or musical artisan, by elongating 
body of the retort-like pipe, shown in Figs. 1 and 3 (Plate XVII), 
> h it produced a somewhat unwieldy, still not ungrace- 
instrument, Figs, 5-6 (Plate xvit), which is narrowest at the 
‘nd of the body nearest the stop-hole, Fig. 5, E (Plate xv). 
A specimen not unlike this last-named instrument was found 
ea epee of Ometepec, in the Great Lake of Nicaragua, 
by Mr p Dr. Carl Hermann Berendt; a drawing of it is given 
. : Barber in his valuable article upon “Indian Music, pub- 
| ai in the AMERICAN Narurauistr of March, 1883. The elon- 
4 diate arpes Figs. 5-6 (Plate xvir), are perhaps an interme- 
4 of Pipe, between the retort-shaped instruments, Figs. 
