1884.) Recent Literature. 613 
of Africa. There are some words of languages anterior to the 
Aryan, for example, Finnish, Basque, Berber and Guanch (of the 
Canary isles), which “point to this conclusion. As to the remains 
called Kjokken moddings, the ancient stations in Denmark have 
furnished no proofs of the existence of agriculture, and likewise 
no proof of the possession of any metal. The Scandinavians of 
this epoch lived principally on fish, game and perhaps incidentally 
indigenous plants, like the cabbage, which are not of a nature to 
leave any traces in refuse or rubbish heaps, and which might have 
passed into cultivation. The absence of metals does not presup- 
pose, in this northern country, an antiquity greater than the age 
of Pericles, or even of the prosperous period of the Roman 
republic. Afterward when bronze became known in Sweden, a 
region far removed from the civilized world, agriculture was com- 
pleted by its introduction. There are found in remains of this epoch 
the carving of a plough drawn by two oxen and driven by a 
man. 
“The ancient inhabitants of Eastern Switzerland, where they 
had instruments of stone and not of metal, cultivated several 
plants, some of which were natives of Asia.| M. Heer has shown 
in his admirable work on the palafittes (lake-dwellings) that they 
communication with the countries situated among the Alps. 
They could also have received cultivated plants through the 
when 
“ia the lake-dwellers of Switzerland and of Savoy possessed 
nze 
lake-d i 
Tlondsee, indicate a quite primitive agriculture—no cereals at 
Jv and a single grain of wheat at Mondsee. The slightly 
histori- to the hypothesis, based on some statements of the ancient 
ki paS that the Aryans had first sojourned in the region of 
d that Thrace was civilized before Greece. In 
tore nce agriculture appears, in general, to have been 
ion in the temperate portion of Europe than we would 
» to make all progress originate from their own nation.” 
te chapter of Part I bears of how and at what epochs 
are from th; an in different countries; the preceding extracts 
dudes that 4, chapter. In the second chapter the author con- 
cies, we in order to ascertain the origin of the cultivated spe- 
n> We should combine botanical, archzological, palzontological, 
“gihe dem linguistic methods. 
Otic; Part comprises most of the volume, and treats of 
~ 8! of those plants cultivated for their racemes, bulbs or 
