1884.] Man in the Tertiaries. 1003 
in the pliocene age. The student fully imbued with these opin- 
ions, the same in kind with those of Gaudry, is inclined to re- 
pudiate or modify the interpretations of all evidences bearing on 
man’s existence before the quaternary. 
That such barriers are really obstructive is plainly evident. In 
thus authoritatively setting a limit to man’s antiquity a check is 
not only put upon research but, if firmly grounded in the minds 
of some, evidence, if met with, is mistaken or ignored. 
The history of palzontology is strewn with these barriers, bar- 
riers not only limiting groups of animals to certain horizons, but 
repeatedly placing a limit to the dawn of life itself. How well do 
we recall the timeworn geological terms characterizing the differ- 
ent geological periods as they were recognized in our younger 
days, and how many thousands of vertical feet have been recov- 
ered from the Azoic and brought into orderly sequence, defined 
by names which are getting to be equally familiar. 
As the objections to the occurrence of man in the tertiaries are 
in every case purely theoretical, they may, with perfect fairness, be 
combated on theoretical grounds. 
In the theological barrier the objection to man’s high antiquity 
rested solely on the fact that it was in direct conflict with Mosaic 
Cosmogony, and yet this barrier, unsupported by the faintest 
scrap of evidence, thwarted the study of man’s antiquity up to 
within very recent years. 
In the Cuvierian barrier man was assumed to be structu- 
to the highest mammal, and consequently must have appeared 
In the analogous barriers of Gaudry, Dawkins and others, the 
assumption is that since orders, families and genera have become 
extinct, it is inconceivable that man should have remained un- 
changed while those profound modifications and extinctions were 
going on, 
This position has been greatly strengthened by the idea that 
man has been evolved from the higher apes, and that his nearest 
relations among these creatures are those which are supposed to 
ve appeared last in the sequence. The troublesome fact, how- 
ever, confronts us that we find the evidences of man associated 
“With extinct apes, and the gap between them is by no means 
closed in these earlier horizons. 
Assuming that man has sprung from the same stem with the 
