1884. ] Man in the Tertiaries. 1009 
the organ which is its seat.” Man has three or four times more 
brain than the highest ape. This excessive disproportion, even 
taking the capacity of the earliest crania, must presuppose a long 
line of ancestors in which this capacity was less and less. 
The same progress that man and his near relatives have shown 
in an unparalleled degree in the development of the brain, is also 
remarkably conspicuous in other mammals and vertebrates lower 
down in the scale, as shown so admirably by Marsh. 
The size of the brain case went on increasing from the earlier 
to the later geological periods out of all proportion to other 
modifications of structure. 
In relation to this subject it seems that sufficient importance 
has never been given to the generalizations of Cope wherein he 
considers the relations of man with tertiary mammals, and until 
sufficient recognition has been accorded to these generalizations 
I feel justified in again bringing them forward. In these consid- 
erations Professor Cope shows that “the mammals of the lower 
ocene exhibit a greater percentage of types that walk on the 
soles of their feet, while the successive periods exhibit an increas- 
ing number of those that walk on the toes, while the hoofed ani- 
mals and Carnivora of recent times nearly all have the heel high 
in the air, the principal exceptions being the elephant and bear 
families.” He then calls attention to the progressive osteological 
changes of the foot from the earlier to the later types through 
several lines of descent, and says: “ The relation of man to this 
history is highly interesting. Thus, in all generalized points, his 
limbs are those of a primitive type so common in the eocene. He 
iS plantigrade ; has five toes ; separate tarsals and carpals; short 
l; flat astragalus, and neither hoofs nor claws, but something 
between the two; the bones of the forearm and leg are not so 
unequal as in the higher types, and remain entirely distinct from 
each other, and the ankle joint is not so perfect as in many of 
ee In his teeth his character is thoroughly primitive. M 
* His structural superiority consists solely in the com- 
Plexity and size of the brain. A very important lesson is derived 
from these and kindred facts. The monkeys were anticipated in 
the greater fields of the world’s activity by more powerful rivals. 
€ ancestors of the ungulates held the fields and the swamps, 
and the Carnivora, driven by hunger, learned the arts and cruel- 
ties of the chase. The weaker ancestors of the quadrumana pos- 
