1884.] Psychology. 1169 
fear, All these emotions, so far as I have been able to ascertain, 
first occur in birds; and in this class some of the emotions which 
I have already named as occurring in lower classes are much 
more highly developed. 
Next we arrive at grief, hate, cruelty and benevolence, as first 
displayed in some of the more intelligent of the Mammalia. 
Grief is shown by pining, even to death, upon the removal of a 
favorite master or companion; hate by persistent resentment ; 
cruelty by a cat’s treatment of a mouse; and benevolence by the 
following instances which I have met with since the publication 
of Animal Intelligence. Writing of a domestic cat, Mr. Oswald 
hey says, that it “ was observed to take out some fish bones 
The servant was puzzled until she heard a faint mew from beneath 
her feet, On the boards being lifted the kitten emerged safe and 
Sound, though half starved. The cat watched the proceeding 
with the greatest interest until the kitten was released; but on 
ascertaining that it was safe he at once left the room without 
na any pleasure at its return. Nor did he subsequently be- 
me really friendly with it.” oe 
On the next fevel I have placed revenge as a aor 
I €ntment, and rage as distinguished from anger. In Ani = 
-dtelligence J give some cases of apparent vindictiveness occu 
ng in birds ; but as the exact nature of the emotions in these 
