272 



from the ground as a residue from dead trees, or hardened by long 

 exposure after exuding from living trees. 



The chief use in this country is for making varnish, and the most 

 desirable product for this purpose is hard (melting point 120° C- 

 200° C), clear (glassy fracture) and uniform in colour (pale or white) 

 and size (from a pebble to a small boulder). 



The price may vary from '60s. to 60s. per cwt. and may be as much 

 as 140s. per cwt. according to quality. In 1890 "Ogea Gum" from 

 Lagos realized 2%d. per lb.— about 24s. per cwt. (Kew Bull. 1891, p. 207), 

 and in 1908, " Nigerian Copal " was worth about 35s. per cwt. (Col. 

 Rep. Misc. No. 63, 1909, p. 177). The export began in 1885, gradually 

 increasing from 1430 lb. in 1886 ; 1811 lb. in 1887 ; 48,905 lb. in 

 1888 ; 110,766 lb. in 1889 (Kew Bull. I.e.). In 1909 the export of 

 "Gum Copal " from IS. Nigeria was 48,061 lb., value £706 (Col. Rep. 

 Ann. No. 665, 1911 (for 1909), p. 12). 



" Accra" or " Gold Coast Copal " was valued in 1909 at 51s. 6d. to 

 71s. 4d. per cwt. (Col. Rep. Misc. No. 63, 1909, p. 171). 



Analyses and special details of the various extracts from these trees 

 are given in the following references : — 



Be/ — " Description of the Bungo, or Frankincense Tree of Sierra 



Leone," Bennett in Pharm. Journ. [1] xiv. 1855, pp. 251-253. " On 



the Frankincense tree of Western Africa," Daniell; in Pharm. Journ. 



[1] xiv. 1855, pp. 400-103. " Ogea Gum," Thiselton-Dyer, in Journ. 



Linn. Soc. xx. 1884, pp. 408-409. " Frankincense Tree of Sierra 



Leone, Thievi of Senegambia, Bumbo, Bungo or Bungbo {Daniellia 



thuri/era)" in For. W. Africa, Moloney, pp. 333-334. " African 



Copaiba so-called," Umney, in Pharm. Journ. [3], xxii. 1891, 

 pp. 449-450 ; Oleo-resinfrom the Niger Company, offered in London 



as Balsam Copaiba. " Ogea Gum {Daniellia and Cyanothyrsus 



spp.)," Hillier, in Kew Bull. 1906, pp. 199-200. "Daniellia 



thuri/era" in Les Vegetaux Utiles de L'Afrique Tropicale Francaise, 

 Chevalier, Perrot & Gerard, Fasc. iii. pp. 90-94 (Challamel, Paris, 



1907). " Copal from Southern Nigeria," in Bull. Imp. Inst. vi. 



1908, pp. 249-250, with analysis " Resin of Daniellia thuri/era 



from Northern Nigeria," I.e. pp. 250-252, with analysis. " Copal 



Resin ^from the Gold Coast," in Col. Rep. Misc. No. 63, 1909, 



pp. 171-175. "Copal from Southern Nigeria," I.e. pp. 176-177. 



" Resin of Daniellia thuri/era from Northern Nigeria and the 



Gambia," I.e. pp. 177-179. " Detection of African Copaiba," 



Tusting Cocking, in the Chemist and Druggist, lxxvii. 1910, p. 51. 



" Accra Copal," in Pharm. Journ. [4] xxxii. 1911, p. 6o. 



Afzblia, Smith. 



Afzelia africana, Smith ; Fl. Trop. Afr. II. p. 302. 



III. — Guillem. Perr. Rich, Fl. Senegamb. t. 57 ; Prain, Scient. Mem. 

 Med. Off. India (1901) t. 12 ; Tropenpll. Beib. 1906, p. 257 (habit) ; 

 Thompson, Col. Rep. Misc. No. 66, 1910, t. 14 ; Engler & Drude, Veg. 

 Erde, ix. t, 42 (habit), f. 673 ; Harms in Notizbl. App. xxi. No. 2, 

 1911, p. 53. 



Vernac. names. — Kawo (Katagum, DalzieV) ; Arachi (Cent, and W. 

 Prov. S. Nigeria, Thompson) ; Apa (Lagos, Yoruba, Thompson) ; 

 Apa (Oloke Meji, Foster) ; Adja (Cent. Prov. S. Nigeria, Tliompson) ; 

 Aligna (Benin, Thompson) ; Opapao (Aquapim, Gold Coast, Tliomp- 

 son) ; Papao-Baum (Togo, Tropenpfl. 1906, p. 257) ; Baa (Acholi, 

 Uganda, Dxwe). — African Mahogany, 



