THE GEORGE CATLIN INDIAN GALLERY. 91 



stroiig grounds fco the contrary are advanced, it is proper to assnme that the purest 



dialect is found nearest the primeval home of the stock. — Daniel G. Brinton, A. M., 

 M. D., 1685, "The Lemip6 and their Legends." 



Mr. Jackson says of the Algonkins: 



Early in the seventeenth century the Algonkirs were the largest family of North 

 American Indians within the present limits of the United States, extending from New- 

 foundland to the Mississippi, and from tho waters of the Ohio to Hudson's Bay and 

 Lake Winuipeg. Northeast and northwest of them were the Eskimos and the Atha- 

 hascas ; the Dakotas hounded them on the west, and the Mobilian tribes, Catawbas, 

 Natchez, &c, on tho south. Within this region also dwelt tho Iroquois and many 

 detached tribes from other families. All the tribes of the Algonkins were nomadic, 

 shifting from place to place as the fishing and hunting upon which they depended re- 

 quired. There has been some difficulty in properly locating the tribe from which the 

 family has taken its name, but it is generally believed they lived on the Ottawa 

 River, in Canada, where they were nearly exterminated by their enemies, the Iroquois. 

 The only remnant of the tribe at this time is at the Lake of tho Two Mountains. 



Of the largo number of tribes forming this family, many are now extinct, others so 

 reduced and merged into neighboring tribes as to be lost, while nearly all of the rest 

 havo been removed far from their original hunting-grounds. The Lenni Lenape, 

 from the Delaware, are now leading a civilized life far out on the great plains west 

 of tho Missouri, and with them are the Shawnees from the south and the once power- 

 ful Pottawatomics, Ottawas, and Miamis from the Ohio Valley. — W. H. J., 1877. 



CHEYENNES. 



This nation has received a variety of names from travelers and the neighboring 

 tribes, as Shyennes, Shiennes, Cheyennes, Chayennes, Sharas, Shawhays, Sharshas, 

 and by tho different bands of Dakotas, Shai-en-a or Shai-6-la. With tho Blackfeet, 

 they are the most western branch of the great Algonkin family. When first known, 

 they were living on the Chayenne or Cayenne River, a branch of the Red River of the 

 North, but were driven west of the Mississippi by the Sioux, and about tho close of 

 tho last century still farther west across tho Missouri, where they were found by those 

 enterprising travelers Lewis and Clarke in 1803. On their map attached to their report 

 they locate them near the eastern face of the Black Hills, in the valley of the great 

 Sheyenno River, and state their number at 1,500 souls. Their first treaty with the 

 United States was made in 1825, at the mouth of the Teton River. They were then 

 at peace with tho Dakotas, but warring against the Pawnees and others. Were then 

 estimated, by Drake, to number 3,250. 



During the timo of Long's expedition to the Rocky Mountains, in 1819 and 1820, a 

 small portion of the Cheyennes seem to have separated themselves from the rest of 

 their nation on the Missouri, and to have associated themselves with the Arapahoes 

 who wandered about the tributaries of the Platte and Arkansas, while those who re- 

 mained affiliated with the Ogalallas, these two divisions remaining separated until 

 the present time. Stops are now being taken, however, to bring them together on 

 a new reservation in the Indian Territory. 



Up to 1862 they were generally friendly to the white settlers, when outbreaks oc- 

 curred, and then for three or fours years a costly and bloody war was carried on 

 against them, a notable feature of which, was tho Sand Creek or Chivington massacre, 

 November 29, 1864. "Since that time there has been constant trouble. * * * In 

 1867 General Hancock burned the village of the Dog Soldiers, on Pawnee Fork, and 

 another war began, in which General Custer defeased them at Washita, killing Black 

 Kettle and 37 others." Tho northern bands have been generally at peace with tho 

 whites, resisting many overtures to join their southern brethren. — W. H. Jackson, 1877. 



The Southern Cheyennes, partially under Black Kettle, and Arapa- 

 hoes, along with other Indians in the military division of the Missouri, 



