THE GEORGE CATLIN INDIAN GALLERY. 813 



statute-books, as solemnly entered into as was a treaty with Great 

 Britain. The effect was different, however. The Indian was power- 

 less to enforce the treaty, and so the Indian suffered. 



These two things were the bane of the Indian service. 



President Grant, in his annual message, December, 1869, wrote : 



From the foundation of Government to the present time the management of the 

 original inhabitants of this continent, the Indians, has been a subject of embarrass- 

 ment and expense, and has been attended with continuous robberies, murders, and 

 wars. 



From my own experience upon the frontier and in Indian countries, I do not hold 

 either legislation or the conduct of the whites who come most in contact with the 

 Indians blameless for these hostilities. The past, however, cannot be undone, and 

 the question must be met as we now find it. 



I have adopted a new policy towards these wards of the nation (they cannot be 

 regarded in any other light than as wards) with fair results so far as tried, and which 

 I hope will be attended ultimately with great success. 



Under President Grant the Indian Peace Commission was organized, 

 and Congress ordered by act that no more treaties should be made with 

 Indians as nations. 



The system of contracts for supplies was changed, and the Peace 

 Commission given supervision; the method of distribution of both sup- 

 plies and rations at the agencies was changed and made more exact, and 

 the Indian superintendencies of agencies in States or Territories abol- 

 ished. The agents were made to report directly to the Commissioner 

 of Indian Affairs, who was given a corps of inspectors to observe their 

 work. 



To General Grant the Indian of this country is indebted for his pres- 

 ent advanced condition in the matter of his relation to the nation. 



The policy of President Grant became known as the peace policy. He 

 was aided in this by various religious bodies, who first met the Board 

 of Indian Commissioners at Washington January 13, 1880. 



The entire Indian population was apportioned out and the several 

 religious denominations asked to name certain agents, who were then 

 appointed by the President. They were and are as follows : 



ASSIGNMENT OF INDIAN AGENCIES TO THE SEVERAL RELIGIOUS DE- 

 NOMINATIONS. 



Friends. — Santee, Nebraska, Otoe and Pawnee, in the Indian Territory : Levi K. 

 Brown, Goshen, Lancaster County, Pa. 



Friends. — Cheyenne and Arapaho, Kiowa, Comanche and Wichita, Osage, and Sac 

 and Fox, in the Indian Territory : James E. Rhoads, 1316 Filbert street, Philadel- 

 phia, Pa. 



Methodist. — Hoopa Valley, Round Valley, and Tule River, in California; Yakama, 

 Neah Bay, and Quinaielt, in Washington Territory ; Klamath and Siletz, m Oregon ; 

 Blackfeet, Crow, and Fort Peck, in Montana; Fort Hall and Lemhi, in Idaho; and 

 Mackinac, in Michigan : Rev. Dr. J. M. Reid, secretary Missionary Society Method- 

 ist Episcopal Church, 805 Broadway, New York City. 



Catholic. — Tulalip and Colville, in Washington Territory; Grand Ronde and 

 Umatilla, in Oregon; Flathead, in Montana; and Standing Rock and Devil's Lake, 

 in Dakota : John Mullan, Catholic Commissioner, 1101 G street, Washington, P. C, 



