April, 1912 
AMERICAN HOMES AND GARDENS <i 
An apple tree usually has spreading 
branches, due to its nature and to pruning. 
which thins out cross branches and induces 
growth toward the outer sides of the tree. 
All branches undisturbed by accident main- 
tain the same general direction and the same 
height from the ground established during 
their early growth. A horizontal limb five 
feet from the ground when the tree is five 
years old will still be a horizontal limb five 
feet from the ground when the tree is fifty 
year old, only so much longer and heavier 
that its weight may menace the trunk. With 
a view, then, to the longevity of the tree it 
is better to avoid downward or horizontal 
branches beyond a reasonable length and to 
retain those that tend upward at an angle of 
forty-five degrees. 
The lives of old trees yet sound may be 
prolonged by lopping off all horizontal 
boughs to a length not exceeding one-third 
of the height of the trunk between the 
ground and the heavy bough. 
New growth is induced on these old trees 
by cutting back all boughs in the middle of 
the tree to one foot from the trunk. As the 
new growth puts forth it must be thinned 
out. All pruned parts must be painted over 
the surface of the raw wood, else it will 
crack and admit water. 
NEGLECTED TREES 
Old neglected apple trees have rough 
bark which is scaly and loose. If you re- 
move a bit of this you will see beneath it 
another bark, smooth and brown, similar 
to that of young trees. This is the true 
bark. The other is dead and useless, hav- 
ing served its purpose. It sheds off from 
time to time, but enough remains to har- 
bor injurious insects. In early Spring, be- 
fore the under bark is tender from the ris- 
ing sap and after severe freezings are 
passed, this bark is removed by drawing a 
hoe up and down the trunk and lower parts 
of the boughs, using care not to injure the 
bark beneath. Such spraying as is necessary 
to kill the San Jose and other pests should 
immediately follow this scraping. At this 
time of year a solution of lime, sulphur and 
salt, known as the California wash, is safer 
than petroleum. It can be bought from 
seedsmen or dealers in horticultural appa- 
ratus in an undiluted state. 
INSECT AND Funcous PESTS 
The enemies of the apple are of two 
classes, insect pests and fungous diseases. 
Treatment generally consists of applying 
liquid poisons in a fine mist with a spraying 
apparatus. It is effectual as a preventive 
rather than as an immediate cure for af- 
fected trees. 
Bordeaux is the proper treatment for 
fungus which spot the leaves and fruit. Ar- 
senic or Paris green are the necessary in- 
gredients for spraying for eating insects, 
and kerosene, sulphur or lime for lice or 
sucking insects. 
Scalecides should be applied to the limbs 
and branches before the buds swell. 
A fungicide that is also an insecticide is 
the most practicable for application after 
the foliage and fruit are established. 
Bordeaux mixture with Paris green may 
be prepared as follows: Two and 
one-half pounds of copper sulphate dis- 
solved in water; two and one-half pounds 
of fresh stone lime slaked in water, using 
about twenty-five gallons of water in all. 
The two liquids are run together and one- 
sixth of a pound of Paris green previously 
dissolved in water is stirred into the mix- 
ture. 
These poisons must be handled with great 
care. The hands should be proteced by 
gloves, and a pair of goggles over the eyes 
is a wise precaution when applying the 
spray. 
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SS 
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