8 Haakon Schetelig. | [No. 8 
starpattern foot.') The Prussian forms may perhaps have influenced 
some of the late varieties of the cruciform brooches — as we shall 
see below — but they touch in no respect the early development of 
this type. 
The brooch which was in the 4th cent. most commonly used in 
the Roman provinces (tig. 1)*) and which is so well known to all 
students of the archaeology of Northern Europe has, on the other 
hand, been regarded as the prototype of the eruciform brooehes by 
two of the first authorities of Sean- 
dinavia, dr. I. UnpseTt and dr. Soravs 
MörLner.3) Å different opinion has 
always been pronounced by the Swe- 
dish archaeologists, from the first 
great typological researches by dr. 
H. HiLpeBranD to the recent books 
by dr. O. ArmerEn and dr. B. 
Saum. The Swedish school finds, 
in contradietion to dr. UnDseT and 
dr. MULLEr, in the crueiform brooch 
a form of pure Teutonic origin de- 
veloped from the brooch with returned 
foot. I shall here try to give detailed 
proofs that the last mentioned opinion 
is the right one, though it must al- 
ways be understood that the Roman 
forms of that age generally influenced 
the taste of Teutonic tribes, even in cases where the different elements 
constituting the form as a type owed their origin to entirely native 
AG TV 
Flø. je /1- 
1) Illustrations of such Prussian brooches are found: Dr. ÅLMGREN: Studien 
iiber nordeurop. Fibelform. Stockholm 1897, fig. 167 and 168. — Photographi- 
sches Album der Ausstellung zu Berlin, Section I, Taf. 9—11 (brooches with 
starpattern foot Taf. 10, fig. 445—450). — Dr. SaLIN: Die altgermanische Thier- 
ornamentik, Stockholm 1904, p. 69 ss. 
2) The specimen is found in the Rhine-provinces, now in the Bergen Museum. 
To the development of this type see AÅLMGREN, 1. c. p. 88. 
3) INGVALD UNDSET: Das erste Auftreten des Eisens in Nordeuropa p. 295. 
— Dr. Sorarus MöLcLer: Ordning af Danmarks Oldsager, Jernalderen fig. 256 
and text p. 59 (to fig. 948). — The same opinion was pronounced by Mr. B. E. 
BENDIXEN as early as 1877 (see Ab. 1877, p. 191: ,This form seems to be å 
provincial or local development of the late Roman brooch with three knobs*). 
— H. HILDEBRAND: Bidrag til spånnets historia, Antiquarisk tidskrift för Sve- 
rige IV, p. 201. — ALMGREN 1. c. p. 87. 
— 
