1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 19 
Here is not the place to discuss the intercourse between Scandinavia 
and other countries during the migration-period; I only intend to 
point out that the whole of the Eastern coast of the German Qcean 
has taken part in the development of the cruciform type of broo- 
ehes.*) I also think it convenient here to pronouncee aå few words 
about the absolute date of the first erueiform brooches, in spite of 
the special chronological questions having been reserved for a later 
part of this research, as it will be useful to know at once the 
earliest date for our typological series and also to assure that we are 
beginning the research at the right end. Therefore I recall only that 
the find of Nydam by Scandinavian archaeologists is referred to 
Fig. 20. Le 
about the year 400 A. D. 'Thus the brooches belonging to this find 
must date from the time before 400, the middle or the latter half 
of the 4th cent., and we shall see later on that the cruciform 
1) This opinion differs in some degree from the pronouncement by dr. 
Unpsert in Aarb. f. nord. Oldk. 1880 p. 132. He dates the first appearance 
of the cruciform brooches in Norway from åa small specimen (1. c. p. 95, fig. 6) 
found in the cemetery of Braaten and Veien in Ringerike. 'Typologically this is 
certainly wrong and founded only upon the presumption that all the graves in 
this place belong to a very early part of the Iron-Age. 
