1906] The erueiform brooches of Norway. 29 
the whole development of this type, and to us it is of special im- 
portance, because it will help us in some degree to distinguish between 
the forms characteristie of the different distriets. The transformation 
first took place in Norway and Sweden, and probably earlier and 
more generally in the Eastern parts of the Peninsula than in the 
Western ones; in England it was partly due to influences from 
Western Norway. 
From å great number of transition forms it is seen that this 
change began as a practical 
improvement of the brooeh. 
At the stage where we left 
the common development of the 
type, the two knobs were pla- 
ced upon the ends of the axis 
of the spring-coil with a little 
groove in their inner side to 
keep the edge of the plate. 
The edges of the plate are 
sharpened for this purpose, and 
consequently the middle part 
of it is a little elevated from 
the edges, a detail which is 
also often marked by the orna- 
mentation of the plate (fig. 
35).)) But this arrangement 
Is not without difficulties, the 
axis coming now too close to 
the underside of the plate to 
give sufficient room between 
them for passing the string 
which forms the spring-coil. 
The difficulty is removed in 
different ways; in Denmark 
by bending the plate a little 
and thus making the underside of the plate sufficient concave to 
give place for the spring-coil, even when the edges are touching 
the knobs; this arrangement is also the most common one in Ene- 
land. In Norway and Sweden the plate was kept straight, but the 
1 Aak, Gryten pgd. Romsdalen. OC. 6200. Ab. 1872, p. 94, pl. II, fig. 12. 
