1906] The eruciform brooches of Norway. pa 
eoil') and the axis, consequently consits of one piece; very rarely 
and only in the case of unusually large specimens the foot has been 
made separately and fixed to the bow with small rivets. In Norway 
and Sweden is observed an inelination to make the bow relatively 
shorter than it is in Denmark, which is not however å constant and 
eharacteristic ditference between the two districts. The separate 
characters of the forms developed in Western Norway will be better 
treated in connexion with the detailed description of the Western 
forms which is given in the following. 
a. As the first form from the Eastern parts of the Peninsula. 
I present the brooches whose foot im its total length is formed as an 
animal-head, which consequently gets -a comparatively long and 
narrow shape, according to the original shape of the foot. The 
combination of the moulded head, which always has an edge along 
its middle line, and the flat end of the bow, is brought about in 
different ways, either by leaving å triangular flat space projecting 
downwards from the end of the bow (tig. 26 above, figs. 39 and 
40)*) or by two small ineisions forming å straight line across the 
neck of the head and thus giving å more unorganical termination 
towards the bow (fig. 38 and figs. 41 and 42).*) The brooeh fig. 
42 may be regarded as an intermediate form of these two varieties, 
showing that they are closely allied to each other; I have preferred, 
therefore, to place them together as forming one series in the elassi- 
fication. The former of them was much used in the early Scandinavian 
brooches, often in especially large and well executed specimens with 
the knobs fixed upon the ends of å separate axis and provided with 
1) In some few instances it has been suggested that the spring-coil and 
the pin have not been made of one piece of string, but separately, the pin of 
bronze, the coil of iron. I have not observed such an arrangement in any case 
respecting the cruciform brooches, and it is of course impossible as long as the 
spring-coil has not lost its practical destination of producing the tension of the 
pin and has been reduced to a mere typological rudiment, preserved from an 
earlier stage of development. It is not likely that it should be so, where the 
spring-coil is not visible when the brooch is used. 
2) Fig. 39: Giskegjerde, Borgund pgd. Søndmør. B. 719. RycH: fig. 249. 
— Fig. 40: Gryten, Romsdalen. B. 444. LoRANGE: N. Olds. i B. M. p. 110. 
3) Fig. 41: Stenstad, Telemarken. Copenhagen Museum. From STEPHENS: 
The Old-Northern Runic Monuments vol. II, page 840. — Fig. 42: Eine, Vang 
pgd. Hedemarken. C. 15688. LorancGE's collection. 
