1906] The cruciform brooches of Norway. 191 
the small brooeh found at Tolkwade, though it is an older variety 
of the form. 
Of great importance is also Mr. VæbpzL's attribution of his 
type ,F 1* (fig. 142) to the 4th cent., as this, typologically, is 
contemporary with the prototype of the erueiform brooches. Thus, 
we should also from this cireumstance suppose the development of 
the eruciform brooches to have begun during the same century, and 
this coineidence with the date given by Prof. Monrtznis is the 
more noteworthy as these archaeologists have made their researehes 
quite independently of each other. 
It may then be taken as a most likely supposition that the 
prototype of the eruciform brooches appeared about the middle of 
the 4th cent. and that such early forms as figs. 23—25 above were 
used during the late part of the same century. 
Some examples should here be recorded to show how careful 
one must be not to fix the dates too precisely as the graves and 
other deposits from which our knowledge is drawn, naturally contain 
objects that are not all absolutely of the same age. — In å grave 
in Ringerike the fine brooch fir. 143 was found associated with 
the mountings of åa scabbard fig. 144.1) The brooch is of the early 
form corresponding to specimens which have been attributed above 
to the end of the 4th cent.; it is solidly cast and ornamented with 
silver inlaid in the surface. The silver mountings of å scabbard 
(fig. 144), found in the same grave, are on the other hand very 
to the Danish system, and that the 5th of them is in good accordance with the 
7th period of prof. MoNTELIUS, no respect being had to the absolute dates; in 
the , Irish style” of this period no distinction is made between the really Irish 
motives and the ornaments which dr. SALIN (Thierornamentik) has called the 
Teutonic style II and HI. — As already remarked the graves of Bornholm 
afford åa more complete survey of the later parts of the Iron-Age than any other 
district in Denmark. 
1) Veien, Norderhov pgd. Ringerike. OC. 325—348. N. NICOLAYSEN: Norske 
Fornlevninger, Kristiania 1862—68, p. 144, and R. KEyser in Annaler for Nord. 
Oldk. 1836—37, p. 142—150. 
