42 BRITISIT MARINE ALG. 
from the deep after a storm, which upon being spread out, formed a cir- 
cumference of nearly 40ft., the whole plant being as much as a man could 
lift from the ground. The large bulbous root of this species is often over 
Gin. in diameter, and the broad flat stem is deeply puckered at the sides for 
a foot or more above the bulb-like root ; hence its popular name. A matnre \ 
plant is represented at Fig. 48, the terminal portions of its deeply cleft ; 
frond being turned over, in order to show the large bulbous root and the : 
puckered sides of the stem. . 
Chorda filum (Fig. 49), or sea-rope, or, as I have already stated it is - 
sometimes called, “dead men’s lines,’’ usually grows in tufts, from a few + 
inches in shallow rock pools, to many feet in length in deep water. At the 
base this long string-like plant is very little thicker than a hog’s bristle, 
but it gradually increases in size, and tapers off again to an extremely 
attenuated point. Its structure is very curious, being cylindrical, but 
tubular within, though divided by transverse membranous diaphragms into 
distinct chambers. The outer. surface of the frond is clothed with very soft 
colourless hairs, among which the spores are produced. A small variety, 
called C. tomentosa, is very densely clothed with these delicate hairs, 
but in this case the hairs are of a fine olive, turning to green in drying. 
Our illustration is from a young plant of C. filum, twined round like a coil 
of rope. OO. lomentaria, as its specific name implies, is constricted, or 
tied in, at intervals. This species also grows in tufts, the fronds being | 
rarely more than 12in. or 14in. in length. They are attenuated at each 
extremity, and the constrictions which occur at irregular intervals, give 
to the simple fronds of this species the appearance of a series of elongated 
bags strung together. Fig. 44 represents a tuft of this plant which was 
growing in society with a beautiful frond of Laminaria phyllitis, already 
described; a small parasite is seen on the tip of the lesser frond, this 
species being constantly infested with one or more parasitic Melanosperms. ~ 
C. lomentarva is very common in rock pools, and on the surfaces of flat 
rocks and stones between tide marks. 
Alaria esculenta (Fig. 50) is unquestionably the most graceful and 
elegant of the British Laminariee. It is sometimes called the “ Hart’s- 
tongue Laminaria,’’ from its similarity to the Scolopendrium or Hart’s- 
tongue Fern. It is found in the greatest luxuriance on the northern shores 
of England, in all parts of Scotland, and on the north and west of 
Ireland. The frond is solitary, and is from 2ft. to over 12ft. long; the 
stem of the plant being continued as a midrib throughout. As the plant 
advances towards maturity the stem throws out from the middle on each 
side several long nerveless ale or leaflets, somewhat club-shaped at the 
tips, in which numervus pear-shaped spores are produced, as represented 
by the dark lines in the pinne or winglets of our illustration. In Scotland, 
where the midrib of this. plant is eaten, it is called ‘‘ Badderlocks,”’ and in 
the Orkneys ‘‘ Honey-ware,”’ and in some parts of Ireland, where it is also 
used as an article of food, it is called ‘* Murlins.’’ 
The smaller and more delicate algze generally produce their fruit in 
