September, 1922.] SINOTO—IRIS JAPONICA. 107 



not seem to be applicable to the case of Iris, for the condition of its 

 anther in the bud at the time of fixation is quite different from that 

 of Crocus. 



Kornicke in Crocus (10), Digby in Galtonia, Primula and Crepis 

 (1, 2, 3, 4), Gates in Oenothera (8), West and Lechmere in Lilium 

 (23) etc. are not inclined to ascribe the extrusion phenomenon to any- 

 faulty fixation, but all except Kornicke seem to be of opinion that 

 it is normal in the meiotic course, while there are a number of 

 investigators as Rosenberg (13, 14) in Crepis and Drosera, Nakao 

 (12) in Cecale, Sakamura (21) in Vicia, Yasui (24) in Papaver etc. who 

 attribute this extrusion phenomenon wholly or in part to the artifact 

 due to the bad fixing. 



The whole findings concerning to this process in my Iris japonica 

 point to support the latter opinion. In Iris japonica the direction of 

 extrusion in the loculus is not generally the same as it is in Crocus, 

 Oenothera, Lilium etc. and the extrusion and the deformation of 

 nucleus seem to occur oftener in the materials faultily fixed as stated 

 above. Day is says on one occasion that in Oenothera the fixing 

 fluid enters the anther at the extremity ; this may serve to explain 

 the same direction of extrusion in Oenothera gigas etc. West and 

 Lechmere inform that in Lilium 'a few loculi were noticed in which 

 the mother-cells at either end were discharging toward the centre, 

 whilst the cells occupying a position near the centre of the loculus 

 retained the typical condition of complete synapsis.' This also seems 

 to indicate the relation between the fixing fluid and the direction of 

 extrusion. Concerning the cause of the change in the direction of 

 extrusion I am not yet in a position to express any decisive view 

 whether it is due to some modifying influence working upon the one 

 definite direction which was given in the penetration of the fixing 

 liquid into the terminal point of the anther, or whether it is to be 

 attributed to the rapid penetration of the strong fixing fluid into 

 various parts of the anther. When the disturbing action is strong it 

 may extend even to the tapetum. I stated in another place (22) that 

 the extrusion phenomena in Oenothera Lamarckiana were observed 

 more frequently in the materials fixed with Bouin's fluid, stronger 

 Feemming's solution etc. than in those fixed with chrom-acetic 

 solution, medium chrom-acetic solution etc. In two anthers of Lilium 

 candidum fixed with Herman's solution, according to West and 

 Lechmere, the remarkable extrusion figures were observed (23). 



That the nucleus attains* a further development after only a 



