1873.] SOL [Morse, 
formation. It has, like Echinoderms, a ring canal; its larva is eminently 
Echinodermoid, allied to Star-fish larvee, which in their turn are more closely 
allied to the larvee of Holothurians and Crinoids, than to those of Echinoids and 
Ophiurians.”’ 
Aside from the roundabout way in which the Brachiopods have 
been entangled with the Mollusca (their preposterous comparisons 
with Anomia will be considered presently), it is interesting to ob- 
serve how often certain features of the Brachiopods have been com- 
pared to the lower Articulata by those who have made special 
researches upon them. Thus Dr. Gratiolet,! who studied Lingula 
anatina, says the organization of the arms resembles the branchia of 
certain Crustacea. He also expresses the opinion that the Brachio- 
poda are allied to the Crustacea in respect to their vascular system, 
- and not to the Mollusca; least of all to the Tunicata. Again, after 
recounting the peculiar character of Lingula in the annulated hairs, 
developed from veritable glands, the structure and arrangement of 
their muscles, their arms and other features, Gratiolet says, the 
Brachiopods are very far removed from the Lamellibranchs, and have 
no kind of relation to the Tunicates. 
Lacaze-Duthiers,? in speaking of the oviducts of the Brachiopods, 
recalls the fact that in Bonellia (of which he made an elaborate 
study) there are similar openings, which are the genital openings, 
through which the visceral fluid can escape. He also queries whether 
there are not two kinds of circulation in the Brachiopods, as in 
Bonellia. On the development of the young, studied by himself in 
Thecidium, he observes points entirely unlike anything existing in 
the Lamellibranchiates. 
Burmeister compared the gills of Lingula to the gills of Lepade. 
Gegenbaur, in his “ Outlines of Comparative Anatomy,” points to 
certain worm-like features in the Brachiopoda, and repeatedly calls 
attention to their worm-like genitals. 
Dr. Williams,’ in his elaborate work on the British Annelids, calls 
attention to the outlying affinities of the Vermes, recalling Dentalium, 
Chiton, Amphioxus, but no where alluding to any approach of the An- 
nelids to the Brachiopods. None of the above authors, however, had 
~ ever suggested the removal of the Brachiopoda from the Mollusca, nor 
had they, or Owen, Vogt, Huxley or Hancock, ever made the slight- 
1 Jour. de Conch. 2d Series. Tome 11, pp. 287, 252, 257. 
2 Annales des Science Naturelles. 4th Series. Tome xv. 
8 Report of the Brit. Asso. for A. of S. 1851. p. 164. 
