1873.] 367 | Morse. 
oxus and Man, or the Lerneans and Hymenoptera, or between As- 
pergillum and Loligo. Were it not that Protula and Autolytus 
increased by transverse division, one might look at low worms with 
these anomalous features of nepiodaction, as remotely separated 
from the Chaetopodous groups. 
In considering the assemblage of remarkable characters in the 
Brachiopods, we must recognize in them a truly ancient type, and 
consequently a synthetic, or comprehensive type. Thus while we do 
not find them in all their characters resembling any one group of 
worms, I have endeavored to show that all their features, to a greater 
or less degree, are shared by one or the other of the various groups: 
of the Vermes, with one or two features shared by the Arthropods. 
It is important to remak in this connection that most of the 
ancient groups differ from present groups with which they are asso- 
ciated. Thus the Trilobites are widely unlike modern Crustaceans, 
Milne Edwards and Van Beneden suggesting their affinities with the 
Arachnids. Tetrabranchiate Cephalopods are widely separated from 
the Dibranchiate Cephalopods. Crinoids are widely unlike modern 
Echinoderms. In other words, among the Mollusks, Echinoderms 
and Crustaceans are ancient types widely different from the modern 
types with which they are correlated. 
So in worms we should expect to see ancient types, while present- 
ing a high organization, yet differing from present groups to which 
they are unquestionably related. And from the high complication of 
structure of the Brachiopods, Tetrabranchiates, and other ancient 
types, it would seem that in their culmination in ancient times 
they had the same relation to animals living then as the higher 
groups of present times bear to their associates. As to the more 
ancient forms of Brachiopods, it is probable with them, as with 
other groups, that their lower members were soft bodied, and 
the argument that has been urged, as militating against Darwin, 
that animals of high complication of structure occur in the older 
eroups, becomes valueless, when we consider that the lower forms of 
their respective groups are more often soft bodied, and that compli- 
eated forms of earlier times, were also culminating forms of pre-exis- 
ting groups. In the light thrown upon the history of man by the 
wonderful discoveries in Archzology, where we meet with traces of 
an ancient civilization, with complicated language and manners, we 
can surely believe in savage hordes pre-existing, from which this: 
ancient civilization has been evolved. 
