eae 
1878.] 109 [Hagen. 
cases; of the Diptera thirty-seven cases belong to the Muscide and 
twenty to Cistride. The composition of the list must have been 
very difficult; nevertheless it is far from representing all published 
cases, and sometimes not thoroughly reliable. Concerning the locality 
affected thirty-six cases belong to the stomach and the intestines, 
and seven to the urinary organs. 
The sex of the patients is given in seventy-one cases, thirty-three 
men, and thirty-eight women. It is of interest to state that the cases 
in which Coleoptera are observed show twenty-one women against only 
four men; the cases in which Diptera are observed, twenty-nine men 
against seventeen women. But it should be remarked that the 
Dipterous cases included fifteen belonging to Oestrus, of which four- 
teen belong to men, who are obviously more exposed to attacks by 
those flies. Deducting those cases, we find both sexes equally often 
infested by Diptera. I have tried to bring together all known cases 
in which larve or perfect insects are recorded to have been dis- 
charged through the urethra, and give a list of twenty, only three of 
them published later than Hope’s list, in which therefore ten were 
not included. ‘The sex is recorded for fifteen cases, nine men and 
six women. ‘The discharged animals show nine Diptera, six Cole- 
optera, two Oniscus, and a larva without nearer indication. Of the 
Diptera four belong to Homalomyia, one to Tipula, one to Eristalis; of 
the Coleoptera three to Tenebrio molitor, one to Ptinus fur, the only 
imago of an insect recorded, and two to a larva similar to Curculio 
nucum (!). 
The value and reliability of the mentioned cases are far from being 
equal. In the appended literature, I have stated the particular 
reasons, which lead me to accept only sixteen of them, and consider 
only four of these as of much value. Unless it is supposed that mis- 
takes in such observations have not been very generally committed, 
we are obliged to believe that the discharged larvee have really been 
in the bladder, though this organ is the least probable abode for the 
larve of winged insects. Farther, as of course the only open way to 
the bladder is the urethra, the observed animals must have entered 
through it. There are indeed true intestinal worms belonging to the 
genus Strongylus, which, originating in the kidneys, thence enter the 
bladder, but it is equally obvious that these roads are impassable for 
larve living in the bowels. To those unacquainted with the study of 
medicine it will seem incredible that things should be put purposely 
into the human body; but there are cases reported in medical litera- 
