Stone. ] 462 [March 3, 
EXTERNAL FEATURES OF KAMEs. 
The simplest form is that of a simple ridge meandering like a river, 
and which may be one hundred and even one hundred and forty feet 
high, with corresponding variations in breadth and angle of slope. 
They are often broken, sometimes owing to erosion by streams 
since deposition, but more often the original deposit was discontinu- 
ous. This usually happens wherever we should naturally suppose 
that the current of the kame-river was very rapid. Aridge fre- 
quently forks into two ridges which soon meet again and enclose a 
funnel or sink, which if it be deep enough, may form a lakelet with- 
out a visible outlet. Or we may have a system of ridges, connected 
by cross ridges, called reticulated ridges by Professor N. S. Shaler, 
and in this paper also called a plexus, or kame-plains. Every long 
kame expands at some part of its course, generally near its south 
end, into these plains. System XI is an apparent exception, but the 
plains of this system are probably under the sea. System XVIII 
also appears to be an exception. In certain places a kame expands 
suddenly into a modification of the kame-plain, in the form of a 
broad peak or of a flat topped plain in which there may be a few 
funnels, and which may be one-fourth of a mile or more long and as 
much as three-fourths of a mile wide. To the north and south of 
this plain or enlargement, the kame consists of only one or two 
ridges of ordinary size, or may disappear entirely. The “ Plain” 
shown on the map of Rev. G. F. Wright as found a little south- 
west of Andover, Mass., is probably similar to the deposits here 
described. In Maine they are called “pinnacles” or ‘‘ moun- 
tains ”’ being from forty to more than one hundred feet higher than 
the rest of the kame. For an account of somewhat similar but more 
continuous deposits, see description of systems XVII, XVII a, XVIII 
XX and XXIV. 
ExTERNAL FEATURES OF KAMES WHICH HAVE BEEN UNDER 
THE SEA. 
The sea produced a great change in the physiognomy of the kame, 
at least in exposed situations. ‘The slopes of the kame that has not 
been under the sea are generally steep, often as steep as loose 
materials will lie, and its top often forms a sharp ridge or series of 
hummocks, particularly if it be a pell-mell kame. After exposure to 
marine waves and currents the kame was either covered out of sight 
