1880.] 463 [Stone. 
by marine clays or took the form of a rounded gravel bar whose side 
slopes approach the angle of stability as shown by the sand or gravel 
bar of the coast. Four years ago this difference in appearance con- 
vinced the writer that the kames were not of marine origin. In 
Maine during the Champlain period the sea stood between two and 
four hundred feet above its present level. In valleys tidal currents 
passing back and forth have sometimes swept great gaps in the 
kames, have strewn them far and wide, or piled them up in the form 
of bars. Where no modern surface stream has ever flowed, marine 
currents have re-classified a kame into bars arranged en echelon, that 
is, obliquely to the kame but parallel to the course of the tidal flow. 
The meanderings of kames have by this means been rendered more 
regular and rounded bars have been left at the outsides of the angles. 
The narrower parts of the ridges have usually suffered more degra~ 
dation than the broad parts, whereby the latter often form ‘‘ pinna- 
cles” of erosion. When the kame is nearly covered by marine clays, 
a line of these swells or domes is often the only visible sign of a 
kame. Where kame plains have been under the sea the funnels be- 
tween the ridges have been washed full of sand or clay, and the whole 
has been reduced to a flat plain, bordered by sand plains derived from 
the materials washed away from the kame-plains by the waves and 
currents. 
INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE KAMES. 
An obscure anticlinal stratification is seen on the surface and flanks 
of all kames, caused, in the judgement of the writer, by the sliding 
down of their materials, partly while the ice walls of the kame- 
stream were melting, and partly under the subsequent actions of 
rains, etc. 
1. The Pell-mell Kame. In their interiors many kames are com- 
posed of a very confused mass of sand, gravel and pebbles, either indis- 
criminately mixed or with a few faint traces of a former stratification. 
Even in the most confused mass, the majority of the flat pebbles are 
usually placed horizontally, which of itself gives an obscure appear- 
ance of stratification. ‘This is more marked where the kame is com- 
posed of fine and slaty materials than where composed of coarse, 
granitic debris. In general these pell-mell kames are more irregular 
and hummocky in external form than those which retain their strati- 
