1880.] 467 [Stone. 
course than in others, as is shown by their behavior on up and down 
slopes. They meander like rivers. They run from higher to lower 
levels: that is, though the kames have their local ups and downs yet 
the system as a whole is higher on the north, thus accounting for the 
slope necessary for a stream. ‘The ice surface probably had a corre- 
sponding slope. In short, I know of no characteristic of an ordinary 
river running in an open channel which these kame-rivers do not seem 
to have had. 
The difference in their rate of flow in different parts of their 
courses shows that they could not have been sub-glacial streams con- 
fined within ice tunnels of uniform size. If they were sub-glacial, 
their channels must have been largest where the flow was slowest, 
and it would seem as if the erosive action of running water at 32°F. 
ought to act in just the opposite way. Again, if there were sub-gla- 
cial streams at all, they ought to find their way along a wide valley 
like that of the Penobscot. The fact that IX and IX b cross that 
valley four times and are thereby forced to take a course one or two 
hundred feet higher than they would find along the valley, is fatal to 
the theory that they were ‘sub-glacial. Ido not see how sub-glacial 
streams could be so unmindful of the land surface as were the kame- 
streams. ‘The latter run over hills when they could run around them 
by a deflection no greater than the kames are constantly making. 
So too, sub-glacial streams ought to wear farther into the ground 
moraine than the kame-streams have done. ‘The rarity of large 
boulders in the kames has with good reason been urged by Mr. Up- 
ham as showing that the kame rivers were not sub-glacial. For these 
and other reasons it seems to me quite certain that most of these 
kame-streams were in superficial channels. Near the coast there are 
signs of sub-glacial streams and some kames may have been formed 
by them. 
Mopr oF TRANSPORTATION OF Kame MateriAu. We have 
first and foremost, the ordinary transportation of running water, in- 
creased, probably, by ice-gorges. That there was a vast flow of water 
in these rivers is evident when we consider that our spring floods 
would then last all summer, increased probably by a large rain- 
fall. These rivers must have often been two hundred or more feet 
deep when crossing valleys. The narrowness of their channels must 
have increased their power of transportation. Another mode of trans- 
portation is by means of floating ice, as has heen pointed out by Rev. ~ 
G. F. Wright. During the cold season thick ice would form in the 
