124 



rotation of Neroli oil (sweet orange flowers) is given as -f 16° to 

 + 29°, that of Neroli oil (bitter orange flowers) as + 10°, and 

 that of bergamot oil + 9° to + 15°, all at 20° C., and in 100 mm. 

 tube (I.e. April, 1897, p. 34). The yield of Neroli oil has been 

 given as 0*1 per cent., according to Schimmel (I.e. p. 34), and 

 0*6 to 0*7 from flowers of the bitter orange, and half the amount 

 from flowers of the sweet orange, according to Poiteau and Risso 

 (Hist. Nat. des Orangers, p. 211). The yield of bergamot oil is 

 2-J to 3 ozs. from 100 fruits (Fliickiger and llanbury Pharmacogr. 

 p. 122). The market price of bergamot oil is 17s. to 20s. 6d. per lb. 

 (Chem. and Druggist, April 17th, 1909, p. 608), that of sweet 

 orange oil 7s. 2d. to 8s. lOd. per lb., and that of bitter orange oil 

 7s. Id. to 8s. 6d. per lb. (I.e. p. 609). 



Essence of bergamot comes largely from Messina and Palermo, 

 and its chief use is in perfumery. The flower oils come chiefly 

 from the South of France (Grasse, Cannes, and Nice) ; the use is 

 almost confined to perfumery, for which purpose the oil from the 

 bitter orange flowers is considered the best. The peel oils are used 

 in perfumery and for liqueur making. Orange oil deteriorates by 

 keeping unless kept in air-tight vials, in cool dark rooms. 



Other products that may be mentioned are "Orange Flower 

 Water," the water remaining after the removal of the oil of 

 Neroli after distillation. It is used in medicine to give an 

 agreeable odour to various preparations. " Essence of Petit 

 Grain," originally obtained by distillation from small immature 

 oranges, but now produced from the leaves and shoots of the bitter 

 and sweet oranges, is used in perfumery and in the manufacture of 

 Eau de Cologne. 



The wood is described as heavy, hard, strong, of very close 

 grain, and susceptible of a smooth polish, of a light lemon yellow 

 colour, little difference being seen between the heart-wood and 

 sap-wood ; admirably suited for turnery (Hough, American 

 Woods, v. No. 103, p. 25). The young saplings make good walking 

 sticks (Mus. Kew). 



Oranges may be propagated from seed, by cuttings, layering, 

 budding and grafting. The raising of orange trees from seed has 

 often been a subject of discussion, based on the question of their 

 breeding true or otherwise. Seeds germinate readily. They 

 should be selected from the best fruits, and sown immediately 

 after removal from the fruit ; to preserve the seeds until 

 sown Lelong advises keeping them in moist sand (Citrus and 

 Deciduous Trees from Seed, p. 8). 



To maintain a certain stock without variation the best methods 

 are budding and grafting. 



The stocks may be either the sweet orange itself ; the bitter 

 orange ; grape fruit (Citrus decumana L., var. " Grape Fruit "), 

 Lime (Citrus medica, var. acida and var. limetta), or Citron 

 (Citrus medica). They may be budded at anything from 2 or 

 3 inches to a foot from the ground. 



Some experiments in budding have been carried out at Oloke- 

 Meji, the bitter orange being used as a stock for buds of the Navel 



