PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 19 
turbines at the great Niagara Power House, where each: 
alternator is driven by an upper and lower turbine; the 
latter has no end thrust, but the upper has an upward 
thrust and carries the shaft rotating field and runners,’ 
weighing in all 80 tons. These turbines have a very per- 
fect device for regulating the speed, designed by Picard, 
Pictet and Co., Geneva, Switzerland. 
In Europe the high price of coal has very considerably 
encouraged the development of water power, and in some 
cases supplementary steam plants have been installed to 
make good the deficiency in water at certain periods in 
the year, thus necessitating a duplicate set of machinery, 
but even this expense is considered justifiable under the 
circumstances. At Turin and Milan, Isarwerke, Munich, 
Lauffen, Heilbronn, Baden, Soluthurn, and at many other 
places, the central station in the city is supplied with 
synchronous motors driven from the electrical generators 
at the distant hydraulic station; as well as a complete set 
of steam engines and generators which work in conjunction 
with the synchronous motors. At Switzerland also, there 
are several hydraulic installations which have supplemen- 
tary steam power, such as the municipal stations at Zurich 
and Lucerne. It should be noted that in all the cases 
mentioned, the synchronous motor driven generators are 
operated in parallel with those driven by reciprocating 
engines. 
Among the more recent water power plants which have 
been developed in Hurope, may be mentioned the municipal 
light and water works at Schaffhausen, where three Jouval 
turbines have been replaced by three Francis turbines of 
about 430 HP. each, with more perfect speed regulation. 
These gave 86°6¢ efficiency at full load, and 77% at half load. 
At Chevres power plant there are five old conical turbines 
of 800 to 1,000 HP. at 80 revolutions per minute, and ten 
