PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS. 21 
The reversed turbine, or turbine pump, is a great improve- 
ment on the ordinary centrifugal pump, and like the turbine 
it has been developed on purely theoretical principles. 
Turbine pumps tested in Switzerland against a head of 428 
feet gave an efficiency of 767, whereas the ordinary cen- 
trifugal pump which is suitable for low heads only gives 
from 50% to 65% efficiency. 
The most noticeable feature in the hydraulic power plants 
which have been recently developed is the utilization of 
very large powers ina single power station, such as 20,000 
to 100,000 HP., having in some cases large units such as 
at Niagara, 5,500 HP., by means of which enormous energy 
concentrated in the first instance, may be conveniently 
distributed over considerable distances by means of elec- 
trical transmission, and supply the requirements of varied 
industries and other useful work. 
Hlectrical Distribution of Power in Industrial Estab- 
lishments.—The use of electrical motors driving shafting 
and machinery, which is now so extensively used all over 
the world, is one of the features of the last 15 years. 
The economy obtainable by the use of electric motors as 
compared with shafting and belting is now firmly estab- 
lished. In a machine shop driven by a single engine 
through belts and shafting, the latter use up from 60 to 
807% of the total power developed by the engine, whereas 
with electrical transmission from the engine to the 
machinery, the actual power delivered is from 65 to 70%, 
or a loss of 30 to 35% when the main generator is lightly 
loaded, and 20 to 25% when fully loaded. The chief merit 
of the electric motor in factories, mills, etc., lies in the 
superior ease of operation and speed regulation, by means 
of which a much greater output from the machine is 
attainable, and the cost of production is reduced as much 
as 30+, in some cases. The speed in continuous current 
