122 - J, H. CARDEW. 
able, but is fraught with the most serious consequences to 
the health of the household. 
The author has always held that the elements of Sanitary 
science should be taught in the Public Schools, and that 
every child should be trained to understand that any breach 
of nature’s laws is a crime that will inevitably bring its 
own punishment, inexorably involving the innocent and 
the guilty; until these lessons are taught to the youth of 
Australia so long will the adults be ignorant of the maxim 
that “‘ cleanliness is next to godliness,”’ and, as certain as 
the boy is the father of the man, so certain is it that the 
results of early training will be apparent for good or evil 
in the adult population. 
But the object of this paper is to crystallise the facts (so 
well known to all the members of this Society) of the great 
economic advantages arising from sanitary works, and to 
so illuminate them that they shall be apparent to all, and 
further, to supply some data to municipal and local authori- 
ties in Australia to guide them in determining what they 
would be justified in attempting on behalf of the sanitary 
welfare of the communities they represent. When the 
construction of sanitary works is under contemplation, the 
only view generally taken of the ultimate effect of such 
works is the increase of rates that will be necessary to pay 
interest and to liquidate the capital in a certain number 
of years, but it must be apparent that the amount of rate 
necessary for that purpose is not the true measure of the 
cost involved in securing the many benefits accruing from 
the adoption of sanitary services, and the author will 
endeavour to show that this view is an extremely narrow 
one, and that the increased rate is,a very exaggerated 
measure of the cost of the benefit secured. - 
As regards the definition of the terms sanitary services, 
it is taken for the purposes of this paper to apply to the 
