220 PRINCIPAL SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



somewhat later than that at Moredun, and they are perhaps to be regarded as 

 Celtic burials. 



In 1909 Mr James E. Cree described* two caves which he had explored at 

 Archerfield, East Lothian, which had been used as habitations. Bones of domestic 

 animals, shells of edible sea-molluscs, fireplaces and charcoal were found. Also 

 broken pottery, some of which was coarse, others of finer paste and a few frag- 

 ments of Samian ware. Objects of stone, bone, horn and glass fitted to be of use 

 were found. An iron knife corroded, a spear-head and nails, also a bronze pin 

 and small portions of this metal were obtained, but no human remains. Mr Cree 

 associated the relics and the use of the caves with the early iron period, though 

 the Samian ware makes it probable that they were occupied during Romano- 

 British times, f 



Many years ago a group of graves was exposed at Cramond,+ in one of which 

 an iron key was found along with a skeleton. Its presence might seem to point to 

 the burial as of the iron age, but this grave, like the others in the same group, was 

 arranged and built on the type of the long stone cists to be described in a later 

 section (pp. 229, 231). A figure of the key, which evidently had been little corroded 

 by rust and had a modern aspect, is given in the Archseologica Scotica. I am 

 inclined to regard these graves as later than the pagan iron age. In 1864 a skull 

 was presented to me by Dr Lumgair which had been obtained at Largo, in the field 

 in which the standing stones are situated. It was found in a " coffin built of loose 

 slabs," and it showed a fracture in which a piece of iron was lodged. This burial 1 

 have also associated with the long stone cists (p. 228). 



Norsemen. — Without taking into consideration the Roman invasion of Scotland, 

 which probably did not exercise permanent influence on the physical characters 

 of the natives, other invasions followed which have left their mark. The most 

 important of these was the establishment by the Norsemen of settlements at various 

 parts of the coast, relics of which have been preserved. An admirable account of 

 some of these burials and of the objects found was given by Dr Anderson in the 

 first and second of his Rhine! Lectures. § Sutherland, Caithness, the Orkneys, the 

 Shetlands, May, Mull, Tiree, Barra, Sangay and St Kilda provided examples. Some 

 were Viking burials ; they contained implements and weapons of iron, and various 

 objects in bronze, also silver ornaments. They were in mounds containing human 

 skeletons and sometimes bones of the horse and dog. The skeletons did not seem 

 to be contained in stone cists, though in some cases planks of wood with iron rivets 

 were present, as if the Viking had been buried in his ship. 



Subsequent to the publication of these Lectures, additional examples have beeu 



* I'roc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. xliii, p. 243, 1909. 



+ In the section on Ethnography (p. 247) the recent discovery of iron objects by Mr Alexk. 0. (Jurle in a 

 fortification on Traprain Law, East Lothian, has been included in the text. 

 \ Archmologia Scotica, vol. iii, p. 40, 1831. 

 § Scotland in Pagan Times — The Iron A<je, 1883. 



