THE CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 229 



piece of iron that "crumbled into rust" on being touched. The presence of iron in 

 these graves aud in that from Cramond might be regarded as indicating that they 

 should have been placed in the group belonging to the iron age, but the construc- 

 tion of the graves seems to justify their inclusion amongst the long cists. The skull 

 from Largo had evidently been injured by an iron weapon such as might have been 

 used in a fight in days subsequent to pagan times. Three skulls were dolicho- 

 cephalic, and two were meso-dolichocephalic. 



Dunbar. — From time to time during heavy storms the sea had washed away 

 portions of the coastline near Dunbar and had disclosed ancient interments. In 

 1865 several stone cists were partially laid bare on the links at Winterfield Mains, 

 about 3 \ feet from the surface of the soil. When fully exposed three were seen, 

 one of which measured a little more than 6 feet in length, whilst other two were 

 said to be 5 J feet long, about a foot broad, and the same in depth. They had the 

 characteristic construction of long cists, and were lying east and west, the head being 

 at the west end. Each contained a skeleton at full length, but no urn nor other 

 relic. I obtained three of the skulls. In 1891 another great storm encroached on 

 the cliff at Belhaven, Dunbar, and exposed several cists. A note is recorded by the 

 Rev. Robert Paul, who stated* that they were about 7 feet above high- water 

 mark, and at a uniform level of about 4 feet from the surface. Nine cists were 

 counted, situated 6 feet from each other. They were placed due east and west and 

 were of the long-cist type ; the floor seemed in each to consist of a single slab. In 

 1908 another storm exposed in the same cliff two additional cists which belonged to 

 this group. One skull was dolichocephalic, one meso-dolichocephalic, one meso- 

 brachycephalic (Table VIII). 



In addition to the above examples, many of which I personally examined, 

 similar interments have been found elsewhere. Amongst the earliest was a group 

 of twenty-four graves exposed on Lord Rosebery's estate at Cramond in 1822.f 

 Similar coffins were also exposed on the adjoining estate of Craigiehall. They were 

 arranged in parallel rows from 3 to 6 feet apart, and the skeletons were extended : 

 some were of smaller size for children. In one grave at Cramond an iron key was 

 found near the skeleton. f In 1849 a similar key was obtained from a grave at 

 Cockenzie. In 1829 a -group of thirty cists was exposed at Old Haacks, Fife,! 

 arranged in two parallel rows, containing bones, but no grave goods were noted. In 

 1859 a single cist was found at Ardyne, Argyllshire,§ which contained an extended 

 skeleton ; also a wedge-shaped flint implement, about 2 inches long and f inch at 

 its broadest end. In 1862, at Milton, East Lothian, || three long cists were observed, 

 containing extended bodies with the head at the west end, but without grave goods. 



In 1864, whilst foundations were being dug in Bonnington Road, Edinburgh, I 



* Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot, vol. xxxix, p. 350, 1905. t Archseologia Scotica, vol. iii, p. 40, 1831 ; referred to supra, p. 220. 

 \Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot., vol. iii, p. 505, 1862. %Idem, vol. ii, p. 251, 1859. 

 \\Idem, vol. iii, p. 503, 1862. 



