234 PRINCIPAL SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



also should have become exterminated. When the continuous land bridge in course 

 of time disappeared, Britain became an island ; and although the larger mammals 

 became extinct, other species fit for food, as the boar, deer, urus, and horse, were 

 continued from the palaeolithic into neolithic times. One sees therefore no valid 

 reason why palaeolithic man should have disappeared either before, or subsequent to, 

 the advent of neolithic man, by whom smaller food-producing mammals, as the small 

 ox, pig, goat, and perhaps also sheep, were brought into Britain. 



Direct descent from palaeolithic man cannot, however, be claimed in Scotland, 

 but there is a possibility of a strain of palseolithic blood existing in the people, 

 through intercrossing in more genial climes with their immediate neolithic successors 

 before the settlement of the latter in North and South Britain had been effected. 



Neolithic man entered Britain from the Continent possibly before the dis- 

 appearance of the land bridge, but, if the intermediate strait had formed, then by 

 water, though it is difficult to conceive that their domestic mammals could have been 

 •conveyed in dugouts or coracles. Hence it has been suggested that a secondary land 

 bridge, along which their migration could have taken place, may have been elevated. 

 Without doubt neolithic man first landed on the south-east coast, and subsequently 

 in other places, to spread north and west until he reached the north of Scotland. 

 As already stated in the section on the neolithic period, he constructed monumental 

 burying-places in Orkney, in the extreme north of the Mainland, in Argyllshire, Bute, 

 Arran, Galloway, and the Western Isles. He constructed, especially in the western 

 English counties, also in Wiltshire, Staffordshire, Derby, and Yorkshire, monumental 

 mounds, frequently chambered, — the Long Barrows for the reception of his dead — in 

 which implements of flint, stone, bone, and horn, also rude clay pottery and human 

 skeletons, have been preserved ; but there is no evidence of metals. The skulls in 

 these long barrows were dolichocephalic, and the weapons and implements were neo- 

 lithic in material and more refined in form than those of the palaeolithic age. The 

 long-barrow people of the English counties are regarded therefore as of the same 

 race as the builders of the chambered cairns in Scotland. It is, however, to be noted 

 that the characteristic interments were not diffused over the whole area in either of 

 the two divisions of the island, but were restricted to limited districts or counties. 

 It should also be stated that both in the long barrows and in the chambered cairns, 

 whilst inhumation was the more common practice, cremation had also been employed. 



Consideration has been given to the part of the European continent which had 

 been occupied by neolithic man prior to his migration into Britain, and to the race from 

 which he was descended. With the object of elucidating these questions interments in 

 France, Denmark, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Spain, 

 Eastern Europe, and North Africa have been carefully compared with those examined 

 in Britain. ArchcBologists have studied the modes of burial, the forms of the tools, 

 weapons and ornaments found in the sepulchres, the material from which they had 

 been made, the form and ornamentation of the accompanying pottery, the practice 



