238 PRINCIPAL SIR WILLIAM TURNER ON 



occupation of Scotland as far north as Orkney, Caithness and Sutherland, in the 

 north-eastern counties of Aberdeen, Banff, Elgin, and Forfar, in the west in Mull, 

 Ayr, and Arran, and in the south in the Border counties of Berwick and Roxburgh. 

 In the Lothians, again, although four specimens were brachy cephalic and two approxi- 

 mately so, the dolichocephalic and meso-dolichocephalic types asserted themselves in 

 three crania from short cists at Morrison's Haven, Cockenzie and Bridgeness. 



L also pointed out in Part I, as the result of the study of one hundred and 

 seventy-six modern Scottish skulls, that a strong brachycephalic strain pervaded 

 the population at the present time. Of the specimens 30 per cent, were brachy- 

 cephalic or approximated thereto ; whilst 70 per cent, were dolichocephalic or 

 meso-dolichocephalic. The brachycephalic type was well marked in Fife, the Lothians 

 and the Border counties. In Renfrew, again, of twenty-one skulls none had the 

 cephalic index as high as 80, and in a large proportion the index was below 77. 

 Of the seven specimens from Aryshire and Wigtownshire, only one was brachy- 

 cephalic, the rest were dolichocephalic or its approximation. In the north-eastern 

 counties four were brachycephalic, two meso-brachycephalic, and three were dolicho- 

 cephalic. The Highlands and Islands furnished thirteen specimens, none of which was 

 brachycephalic, only three had the index above 77, seven were dolichocephalic, and 

 three approximated thereto. Of five skulls from the Shetlands, one was brachy- 

 cephalic, one meso-brachycephalic, and three were approximately dolichocephalic. 



In comparing the cranial characters of the prehistoric people of Scotland with 

 the present inhabitants, our observations should not be limited to a study of the 

 cephalic index. The cranial capacity, the relative length and breadth of the whole 

 face, the corresponding dimensions of the nasal region, orbits, and hard palate, and 

 the projection of the upper jaw should be considered. In making this comparison 

 I include both the neolithic dolichocephali and the bronze-age brachycephali. 



As regards the cubic capacity, the mean of the four male dolichocephali in 

 Table I (p. 178) was 1480 c.c, the maximum being 1560 c.c. The mean of thirteen 

 short-cist male brachycephali in Tables II-V was 1448, the maximum being 

 1580 c.c. In the modern series, Part I, the mean capacity of seventy-three 

 males was 1488 c.c, the most capacious skull was 1855 c.c, and thirty-three 

 were upwards of 1500 c.c Of these skulls twenty-five were dolichocephalic and 

 twenty-one approximated thereto, and the mean of the series was 1519 c.c 

 Thirteen were brachycephalic and fifteen approximated thereto, and their mean 

 was 1460 c.c. In the modern group, as pointed out in Part I, the dolichocephalic 

 male crania were distinctly more capacious, had larger brains, than the brachy- 

 cephalic group. Further, the modern male dolichocephali were more capacious 

 than the neolithic skulls, but the modern brachycephali were only slightly larger 

 than the bronze-age brachycephali; it should, however, be kept in mind that the 

 prehistoric skulls are too few for a wide generalisation. Similarly the female 

 prehistoric skulls were too few to enable one to say that they were on the average 



