THE CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 239 



10 per cent, less capacious than the males, as was the case in the series of modern 

 Scottish skulls. 



The relative dimensions in breadth and length of the complete face could only 

 be taken in two neolithic skulls which were high-faced — high in relation to the 

 breadth — leptoprosopic, a character also presented by the upper or maxillary face. 

 In the bronze-age skulls, again, the customary proportion was low in relation to 

 the breadth, chamaeprosopic. In the modern examples the majority of those 

 measured were high-faced, though a proportion were low-faced, but the general 

 type of the face in the Scottish skulls was leptoprosopic. As regards the neolithic, 

 bronze-age and modern skulls, the upper jaw was straight or orthognathic, and in 

 only two individuals was a prognathic jaw seen. The nose, not widened at the 

 nostrils, was relatively narrow, leptorhine or mesorhine, except in one neolithic 

 and in four, which were platyrhine, of the one hundred and twenty-three modern 

 Scottish skulls examined. The orbits showed variations in the relations of width 

 and height in each of the three series : in the neolithic and bronze-age specimens, 

 however, a larger proportion, compressed as it were in the vertical diameter, was low 

 in relation to the width than in the modern skulls, in which it was the rule for 

 the orbit to be high in relation to the width and somewhat rounded in outline. 



It is important also to compare in each cranium the height or vertical diameter 

 with the maximum breadth. In Part I especial attention was called to the relation 

 of the breadth to the height of the cranium in one hundred and fifty modern 

 Scottish crania measured. With two exceptions the breadth exceeded the height, 

 so that the cephalic or breadth index was more than the vertical, both in the dolicho- 

 cephalic and brachycephalic groups, and the skulls might be regarded as platychamse- 

 cephalic. In the prehistoric skulls now under consideration this point was also 

 inquired into ; in the neolithic skulls the breadth exceeded the height ; in the bronze- 

 age skulls the breadth also exceeded the height, except in the dolichocephalic skull 

 from Morrison's Haven, in which the vertical index was 75 and the cephalic 72 '9. 



From the comparison now made it will be seen that, when the bronze period 

 became established, two races existed in Scotland, a dolichocephalic and a brachy- 

 cephalic, and that a like distinction in head form prevails at the present time. Both 

 prehistoric and modern heads agreed in having a straight or orthognathous upper 

 jaw ; a relatively narrow nose, not sunk at the root nor widened at the nostrils ; 

 a cranial capacity sufficient to contain a well-organised brain. In the neolithic 

 and modern people the face was high and narrow in relation to the breadth ; in the 

 bronze age it was lower and relatively wider. In the neolithic and bronze-age skulls 

 the orbits were wider in relation to the height, due in part to their thickened upper 

 border and the development of the frontal air sinuses, an excellent example of which 

 is figured in the skull from Bridgeness (figs. 23, 24) ; whilst in the modern skulls the 

 height and width differed less from each other ; the palate also varied from an elon- 

 gated to a horseshoe-shaped form. The skulls therefore belonged to a type which may 



