THE CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 245 



brachycephali rise above 24 per cent. Of forty-two crania of the stone age 

 examined, twenty-three were dolichocephalic, sixteen mesocephalic, and only three 

 brachycephalic. In Norway observations have been made by C. Arbo * on the heads 

 of recruits for the Norwegian army, which presented two distinct types. In the 

 mountains the dolichocephalic type prevailed, and to their west the mesocephalic 

 were numerous, though with dolichocephalic and brachycephalic centres interspersed. 

 Those from the south and the south-east of the central chain of mountains were 

 to a large extent mesocephalic. The south, south-west, and west coast people were 

 brachycephalic, and this type extended inland on the shores of the great fiords. The 

 general distribution therefore was brachycephalic with dark hair and skin along the 

 coast ; and dolichomesocephalic with blonde hair and skin in the interior and at the 

 heads of the fiords. These types were associated with differences in stature, which 

 was upwards of 170 cm. (5 feet 7 inches) in the long heads and from 166 to 168 cm. 

 (5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 6 inches) in the round heads. Arbo also described a 

 Norwegian skull of the stone age rather short and rounded, small, forehead 

 broad, and with a cephalic index 76*4. It differed from the ordinary dolicho- 

 cephalic type. C. F. Larsen has described and figured! a number of Norwegian 

 skulls dolichocephalic, mesodolichocephalic, brachycephalic, mesobrachycephalic. 

 The brachycephali were from Sole, Tonsberg, Oslo, Gimso, Trondhjem, and the 

 dolichocephali from S0rengen, Trondhjem, Guldalen. David Hepburn examined 

 twenty-four skulls j in the museum, University, Christiania, and found fourteen 

 from Oslo, Sole, T0nsberg to be dolichocephalic, five from Sole, Tonsberg, Trondhjem 

 mesocephalic, five from Sole, T0nsberg brachycephalic. In Denmark also is a mixed 

 population of dolichocephali and brachycephali. Virchow, from the examination 

 of forty-one stone-age skulls in the Danish museums, observed that some inclined 

 to the dolichocephalic, others to the brachycephalic type. The cephalic index in 

 the Borreby group was 79, Udby group 78, and a skull from Naes 82 ; other 

 skulls from Naes were 75 '4, from Stege 75'9 : the mean of the series was 

 77 "3. Virchow considered that the modern Danish skull approximated to the 

 Borreby group, mesocephalic, with an inclination towards the brachycephalic 

 type. A. M. Hansen considered that in Denmark the bronze age did not 

 introduce a new craniological type, for brachycephalic skulls were not uncommon 

 in the stone age. H. E. Nielson § had shown that, in one hundred and nineteen 

 skulls regarded as of the stone age, the cephalic index was dolicho- or mesocephalic 

 in eighty-three specimens, whilst the remainder were meso- or brachycephalic. 

 Skulls from the Frisian coast and islands have been examined by Virchow, || which 



* Several memoirs from 1891 to 1904. A general remind 'is given in 0. R. du Gongres International de Medecine, 

 Moscow, 1897, and Tidskrift af Svenska Sellslt. Antropol. och Geograf., 1900. 

 t Vidensk. Sellshabets Skrifter, Christiania, 1901, 1903. 

 X Vidensk. Sellskabets Forandl, Christiania, 1905. 

 § Quoted by G. Retzius. 

 || Abhandl. der Konig. Akad. der Wissensch., Berlin, 1876. 



