THE CRANIOLOGY OF THE PEOPLE OF SCOTLAND. 253 



Reference has incidentally been made in the text to the colour of the hair, eyes, 

 and skin of the races now under consideration : aspects of the subject which form 

 important topics for anthropological research. I have not, however, personally 

 conducted systematic investigations into these matters. As regards Britain, elabor- 

 ate series of observations have been made by the late Dr Beddoe and Messrs 

 Gray and Tocher.* Mr Tocher has found that amongst the school children the 

 hair in about one-fourth was fair, in one-fourth dark, and in nearly one-half it belonged 

 to two intermediate classes embracing various shades of brown, or medium, and red 

 hair. As regards the eyes, nearly one-fourth were dark brown or dark eyes ; over 

 three-fourths were divided into 15 percent, pure blue eyes, 30 per cent, light eyes, 

 and about 32 per cent, had eyes mixed in their type. He observed that an excess of 

 the dark- and jet-black-haired, along with blue eyes, occurred in the western Gaelic- 

 speaking counties — the Scoto-Celts ; though in Argyll and the Isles a light-eyed, 

 dark-haired type prevailed. 



The skin in the Scottish people is mainly fair or blonde, though in some localities 

 shades of brunette appear, with sometimes in the children of the same family 

 examples of the blonde and the brunette. 



The pigmentation characters, the stature, and the head form testify to the 

 influence exercised by the races of Northern Europe on the physical structure of 

 the people of Britain. 



Summary. 



The review which I have attempted in this memoir of the people of prehistoric 

 Scotland, though necessarily imperfect from paucity of material, is sufficient to show 

 that the Scottish people have a long ancestral descent, modified in type throughout 

 the centuries by a succession of invasions from the Continent. The most ancient in 

 point of time, of which we have evidence, were the neolithic people of the polished 

 stone age, of short stature, but not dwarfs. They, the builders, of the long barrows 

 and chambered cairns, were ignorant of the use of metals. Their crania were long 

 and relatively narrow, purely dolichocephalic. The face was high in relation to its 

 breadth, the jaw not projecting, the nose narrow. We have no knowledge of the 

 colour of the skin, hair, and eyes, but if the conjecture be correct that they were 

 descended from the South European people of the Mediterranean basin, the skin 

 would have been brunette, the hair jet-black, and the eyes black or dark brown. 



They were followed by a different type, the builders of the round barrows and 

 short cists, with whom cremation was at first an occasional accompaniment of 



* Beddoe, in Races of Britain, 1885, and the Rhincl Lectures reprinted from Scottish Review, 1893 ; Gray and 

 Tocher in a joint memoir (Journ. Anthrop. Inst., vol. xxx, 1900), and in separate memoirs, of which Tocher's " Pig- 

 mentation Survey of School Children in Scotland," Biometrika, vol. vi, 1908, is the most comprehensive. He analysed 

 the colour characters of somewhat more than half a million child ren, and gave the distribution of the various tints and 

 shades of colour in the counties in Scotland. 



Dr John Brownlee, ina suggestive paper(Jo«ra. Anthrop. Inst.,\o\. xli, 1911), based on Dr Beddoe's measure- 

 ments, considered the possibility of analysing race mixtures into their original stocks through the Mendelian formula. 



