A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE SCOTTISH SKULL. 359 



memoir gives measurements for 11 female Scottish skulls, derived from Renfrew- 

 shire, which give a mean value for maximum breadth of 1357 mm. — practically equal 

 to that of the group under consideration. Although the number of skulls is so 

 small and there is necessarily a large probable error, it is interesting that there 

 should be such an approach to equality. 



The cephalic index mean value derived from glabello-occipital length and maximum 

 breadth is about one point less than that of Turner's female group, and nearly equal 

 to that of his Renfrewshire subsidiary group. We see that the female groups are 

 more nearly equal as regards this value that the two male groups. In Turner's 

 series the values for the male and female groups were nearly equal ; in this series 

 the mean value for the female cephalic index is nearly two points higher than that 

 of the male, so that, while the mean male skull is dolichocephalic, the mean female 

 skull is mesaticephalic. With regard to the respective circumferences there is little 

 difference in their mean values. The horizontal and vertical transverse circum- 

 ferences of Turner's series are slightly greater than in the present one, while the 

 total longitudinal circumference in the latter series is greater than in the former 

 one ; but in none of the three did the mean measurement of one series exceed the 

 corresponding measurement in the other by more than 2^ mm. The mean values 

 of the basi-nasal and basi-alveolar lengths were slightly lower in the present series 

 than in Turner's, but the mean gnathic index derived from the above measurements 

 was practically equal in the two groups and almost the same as the approximately 

 equal values for the two male groups. As regards nasi-alveolar length and inter- 

 zygomatic breadth the mean values in the present series are slightly less than in 

 Turner's, while the mean maxillo-facial index, derived from the above two measure- 

 ments, is practically the same in the two groups, and almost exactly equal to that 

 in the Scottish male group of 405. 



From Table X we see that, while the mean nasal widths in the two series are 

 nearly equal, the mean nasal height is slightly greater in Turner's series than in 

 the other, and, consequently, the nasal index is slightly lower in value in Turner's 

 series than in the one with which it is being compared — the difference amounting 

 to fully two units ; a still greater divarication occurred in the male groups, with the 

 excess in favour of the present series. The mean orbital heights are approximately 

 equal in the two series, as are also the mean orbital widths. In Turner's series the 

 mean orbital index is distinctly less, however (to the extent of four units), than the 

 orbital index in the other group — a reversal of the magnitudes of the mean values of 

 the indices in the male groups. It is interesting to note that the Renfrewshire 

 group of 1 1 skulls has a mean index still further removed from that of Turner's 

 complete series than the present group. The values for palato-alveolar breadth and 

 palato-alveolar length are appreciably smaller for the present series of 100 than for 

 Turner's series. The palato-alveolar index, on the other hand, has a mean value 

 for the 100 distinctly greater than that for Turner's series, the difference being 



