A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE SCOTTISH SKULL. 367 



the mean measurements of the present series in apposition with the mean measure- 

 ments of various other series to which these methods have been applied. 



The measurements and nomenclature made use of by these investigators are 

 principally those of the Frankfurter Verstdndigung , and a very full account of the 

 measurements taken and the precautions necessary to ensure accuracy and exactly 

 comparable figures are given in the two papers above alluded to. If further in- 

 formation is required, that can be obtained in the Correspondenz-Blatt Deutsch. 

 Anthropol. Gesellsch., Bd. xiv, S. 1. The principle underlying the adoption of the 

 German system as expressed in the above volume is, as pointed out by Fawcett, to 

 bring any unrecorded series of skulls into relationship with, and into a suitable form 

 for comparison with, as many measured series as possible. I shall content myself 

 therefore in the present paper with merely enumerating the various measurements, 

 only adding a few words of explanation when the method of obtaining the measure- 

 ment differed from that of the above investigators. It is convenient to be able 

 to refer to certain measurements by a reference letter (C, F, L, etc.), as pointed out 

 by the above authors, and I follow their lead also in that respect. The measurements 

 made in the groups of male and female skulls were as follows : — 



1. Capacity (C). In obtaining this measurement I made use of the method advocated by Turner, using 



shot as a medium and exercising due precautions.* I have performed the measurements with 

 great care, so that though the mean may be altered by the personal equation the relative 

 capacities of the various skulls have the proper proportions. 



2. Flower's ophryo-occipital length (F). 



3. Greatest length from glabella to occiput (L). 



4. Horizontal length. This measurement was not taken, as both Macdonnell and Fawcett agree that 



little importance is attached to it when the other two measurements of length are given. 



5. Greatest horizontal breadth of skull (B). 



6. Least breadth of forehead (B 1 ). This measurement was taken from one temporal crest to the other 



across the frontal bone. 



7. Height of skull (H). Basi-bregmatic height (405 male and 100 female). Frankfurt method 



(100 male). 



8. Auricular height (OH). 100 male measured on sagittal outline of skull traced by dioptrograph. 



9. Basi-nasal length (LB). 



10. Horizontal circumference (U x ). Measured directly above the superciliary ridges and round the most 



projecting part of the occiput (Flower). 

 Ditto. Circumference measured over the superciliary ridges as adopted by Turner (U 2 ). 



11. Sagittal arc (S). From nasion over top of head to opisthion. 



12. Cross circumference of transverse arc (Q). From upper rim of one auricular passage to the other 



over the bregma. 



13. Complete face height. This measurement could not be taken, as no skulls were preserved with 



mandibles attached. 



14. Upper face height (GH). From nasion to alveolar point. 



* Both Macdonnell and Fawcett have devoted prolonged research to the various methods, some of them 

 complicated, of estimating the cubage by using various materials and also by formulse. Macdonnell's conclusion 

 is that different observers using different methods may have an average difference of 20 c.c, and if they use the 

 same method an average difference of 10 c.c. The "personal equation" is thus not a negligible quantity, and is a 

 factor that will always influence the result. Macdonnell says that we must be content with the degree of agree- 

 ment above described at the present stage. 



