402 DR MATTHEW YOUNG. 



races less roundness points to greater capacity. In either case the emphasis of the 

 racial character denotes an increase of capacity." Here in the Scottish series we have 

 a dolichocephalic group consisting of at least four times the number of specimens of 

 any series on which Dr Lee's conclusions are based where, if the accuracy of the 

 calculation of the coefficient is to be relied upon, we have a decrease in the emphasis 

 of the racial character accompanying an increase in capacity. Dr Lee gives figures 

 for three fairly brachy cephalic races (3 male and 1 female) in which the correlation 

 is positive, denoting increased capacity associated with increase in the magnitude of 

 the index. Dr Lee admits, however, that in three of the cases the correlation is so 

 small that it is hardly sensible considering the size of the probable errors. 



There is apparently need, therefore, for revision of the statement that " there 

 appears to be little doubt that in dolichocephalic races those who possess the race 

 character most markedly have the greater skull capacity." 



The mean cephalic index for the male Aino, from which Dr Lee's coefficients were 

 calculated, was 76*5, and for the female 77'4. For the female Scottish group of 100 

 the mean cephalic index was 7 6 '03, practically equal to that of the male Aino and 

 more dolichocephalic than the female Aino ; yet we find in the case of the Scottish 

 female a positive correlation between capacity and cephalic index, and in both male 

 and female Aino distinctly negative coefficients. The female German skull, as 

 brachycephalic as the male, shows a negative correlation coefficient which, however, 

 is hardly sensible considering the magnitude of the probable error. 



The results certainly are very erratic, and at present, if the Scottish results are 

 reliable, too unstable to warrant conclusions regarding the relation of brachycephaly 

 and dolichocephaly to capacity. 



Thomson (37) claims to have demonstrated in a most forcible way with his 

 " elastic capsule arrangement" the gradual transition from the dolichocephalic to the 

 brachycephalic type which accompanies increased cranial expansion, and states that 

 " it seems absurd after this exhibition of the influence of internal pressure to discuss 

 the independent origin of the dolichocephalic and brachycephalic types." He states 

 further that " the modification in shape consequent on an increase of the bulk of the 

 encephalon will tend towards sphericity : in other words, the cranium will become 

 rounder." This is in direct opposition to Pearson and Lee's conclusion, which is, 

 as stated above, that an emphasis of the dolichocephaly in a skull of that type is 

 associated with increased capacity. 



In our large male series, however, there is a positive correlation, though it is very 

 small, between cephalic index and capacity, which shows that in that series there is a 

 very slight tendency towards brachycephaly, associated with increase in capacity. 



Amongst the skulls that comprise our Scottish collection is one specimen of very 

 large size, well formed, and remarkable in appearance only in so far that the facial 

 part seems smaller than it normally does owing to the brain-box being so large. It 

 may have been the seat of a hydrocephalic condition at an earlier stage, but of that 



