A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE SCOTTISH SKULL. 413 



orang. It is generally agreed that of the members of the anthropoid group the 

 chimpanzee stands nearest to man, i.e. is man's nearest relative. It would seem 

 therefore that from the relative size of the zentrum angle we may arrange the 

 groups we have considered in an ascending series as follows : — 



. , , J , , . ., ( a. Gorilla and orang-utan. 



1. Aduit anthropoids ■{ _ „, . 



I 6. Chimpanzee. 



2. Juvenile anthropoids. 



3. Tasmanians and Australians. 



4. Scottish. 



The tendency for the zentrum angle to be greater than 90° in the last series is 

 apparently evidence of the higher morphological status of the Scottish skull than 

 that of the Tasmanian and the Australian. 



Berry (50) was at first of the opinion that the Australian stood on the " evolu- 

 tionary plus" side of the Tasmanian, but has since come to the conclusion (59) that 

 the reverse relationship holds. While there is not a great difference between the 

 mean zentrum angles in the Tasmanian and Australian complete series, it is note- 

 worthy that the angle in the latter is on an average less than in the former. 



Klaatsch refers to the angles at the glabella as the most important angles of the 

 quadrilateral figure, and refers to the different values of the two component parts of 

 the complete or cranial-glabella angle, in the Australian and European specimens 

 figured by him. 



In the Tasmanian series the cranial-glabella angle varies from 69° to 80°, with 

 a mean value of 747°, S.D. 2*84, V. 3'80. The mean angle in the Australian 

 series of 90 (unsexed) is 74'92°, the range is from 68° to 83°, and the standard 

 deviation is 3'13. In the Scottish series the angle varies from 67° to 80°, with 

 a mean of 74'4°, S.D. 272, V. 3*65. The mean values of the angles in the 

 three types are thus approximately equal, while the angle in the Scottish series 

 is less variable than in the Tasmanian, and considerably ■ less variable than in the 

 Australian. 



With regard to the components of the cranial-glabella angle, we find that in the 

 Tasmanian series the upper glabella angle varies from 34° to 44°, with a mean of 

 37"9°, S.D. 2"26, V. 5'9 ; the lower component varies from 31° to 44°, with a mean 

 value of 36'8°, S.D. 2"86, V. 777. In the Scottish series the upper component 

 varies from 32° to 42°, with a mean of 35'9°, S.D. 1"99, V. 5'54; the lower com- 

 ponent varies from 31° to 44°, with a mean of 38-5°, S.D. 2-63, V. 6*84. 



In the Tasmanian series of skulls the upper glabella angle is thus, on an average, 

 larger than the lower glabella angle, whereas in. the Scottish series, the reverse is the 

 case ; the upper component of the cranial-glabella angle being on an average smaller 

 than the lower, and so approximating to the condition found in the Australian figured 

 by Klaatsch, and also to that of an Australian measured by myself. It may be 

 shown thus : — 



