SKIAGRAPHIC RESEARCHES IN TERATOLOGY. 457 



Further illustrations of this condition are figured in The Treasury of Human 

 Inheritance, parts vii and viii, section xv, A (Eugenics Laboratory Memoirs, 

 Dulau & Co., London). 



Group B. 



{Characterised by the absence of part of one or more systems of determinants.) 



Fig. 8, Plate V, represents a sagittal section of an anencephalic foetus, which 

 occurred in the practice of Dr Ferguson of Anstruther in 1899. It is a female, as is 

 so often the case ; and the spinal canal is closed save in the cervical region, constitut- 

 ing the derencephalic variety of anencephalus. The X-ray photograph (fig. 9) shows 

 a certain measure of that excess of bone in the upper part of the spine which has 

 been recorded in similar cases. 



It will be noted, in this and the following photographs of anencephalic terata, 

 that there is usually, but not always, an abnormal curvature of the cervical vertebral 

 column just below its articulation with the skull. 



Fig. 10, Plate V, shows the external appearance, and fig. 6, Plate I, the sagittal 

 section, and fig. 11, Plate VI, the skiagram of an anencephalic foetus, which was sent 

 for examination to Dr Ballantyne by Dr Korie of Cardenden in 1898. The foetus, 

 a male, exhibits the characteristic features of anencephaly, along with marked lordosis 

 of the cervical vertebrae. There is. practically no chin-groove in front, and the spinal 

 canal is closed below the region of the neck. The lower jaw and clavicle are shown 

 to be well formed ; the ossification of the spine is unusually good for anencephaly, 

 except in the cervical region ; the sternum is unossified, and therefore is practically 

 invisible in the skiagram, thus contrasting markedly with the clavicle. 



Fig. 12, Plate VI, is the skiagram of another specimen of anencephalus. The foetus 

 occurred in the practice of Dr James Smith of Edinburgh in 1892, and is described 

 and figured in the Transactions of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society (vol. xviii, 

 p. 256, 1893). The X-ray photograph shows the presence of the lower jaw, temporal 

 bones, basis cranii, and ribs. The sternum is mainly cartilaginous, but small ossific 

 centres can be seen. As in all anencephalics, the cranial vault bones are wanting. 



Fig. 13, Plate VI, is taken from another anencephalic foetus, which shows an 

 open condition of nearly the whole spinal canal. The curvature of the spine is 

 cyphotic in the cervical and lumbar, and lordotic in the dorsal, regions. An ex- 

 aggeration of this curvature would mark the beginning of retroflexion of the foetus. 



The more extreme degrees of this curvature are shown in the specimens of 

 iniencephaly. 



The next case we have figured is one of a very interesting monstrosity, in 

 which anencephaly, lumbar spina bifida, a caudal appendage, and deformities of the 

 limbs are combined in the same foetus. The infant was born in the practice of 

 Dr C. A. Butchart, in January 1894. The naked-eye appearances are shown in 

 figs. 14 and 15, Plate VII. The most noteworthy features shown in the radio- 



